Exam Questions Education Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Outline material factors that may affect social class differences in educational achievement.
A
- Overcrowding at home
- Higher disposable family income with upper class
- Inadequate nutrition
2
Q
Outline cultural factors that may affect social class differences in Educational achievement.
A
- Bernstein’s Restricted andElaborated speech codes
- Bourdieu’s Habitus > culture capital
- Douglas’s parental interestin the child’s education
3
Q
Outline ways in which
globalisation has
influenced educational
policies.
A
- increased immigration resulting in more multiculturalism
- Economic globalisation means increased competition from abroad, which means British students today are expected to spend longer in education
4
Q
Outline ways in which education system reproduces social class inequalities from one generation to the next.
A
- Labelling > self fulfilling prophecy
- Continue to place them in lower streams > anti-school
5
Q
Outline processes within
schools that may lead to
working class pupils
underachieving
A
- Labelling - given a negative label which leads to the self fulfilling prophecy.
- Placed in lower streams regardless of their ability - may join an anti-school subculture due to pressure
6
Q
Outline ways in which
postmodernist ideas are
reflected in education.
A
- Education is becoming customised for the individual as it reproduces diversity > encourages self-motivation, self-supervision and creativity
- Education reproduces class equality as class division of labour as society is more fragmented and diverse.
7
Q
Outline problems with
the interactionist view of
education.
A
- Interactionists are seen as being too deterministic > assume pupils passively accept their labels
- They fail to give enough consideration to factors outside of the school > poverty
8
Q
Outline educational policies that have contributed to the current patterns of attainment of goals.
A
- The Education Reform Act - Marketisation. Schools compete to be the most successful
- New Labour - reduce inequality - smaller class sizes especially in primary schools so that pupils can receive more 1:1 attention from the teacher
9
Q
Outline criticisms of the
comprehensive school
system.
A
- Classrooms containing pupils of all abilities, the pupils who are brighter are held back by the lower ability pupils
- Setting and streaming > tripartite system > W/C pupils are usually found to be in the bottom sets and streams
10
Q
Outline ways in which
ethnicity curriculum may
operate in education.
A
- Language and literature >Troyna and Williams> lack of Asian languages (such as Hindi) > in comparison to European languages (such as French and Spanish)
- National Curriculum ignores ethnic diversity > Ball > ‘little Englandism’. History
11
Q
Outline reasons why girls
generally achieve more
highly than boys in
education.
A
- Having more positive role models in schools > 86% of teachers in primary schools are female,
- Girls also naturally favour coursework > Gorard
- Girls often favoured by the teachers > Francis and Swann
12
Q
Outline ways in which
the correspondence
principle operates within school.
A
- Hierarchy
- External rewards
- Creating a subservient workforce
13
Q
Outline ways in which factors inside the education system may have contributed to the improvement of girls achievement.
A
- influence ofmale peer groups > Epstein
- Girls often favoured by the teachers > Francis and Swann
- Girls also naturally favour coursework > Gorard
- Having more positive role models in schools > 86% of teachers in primary schools are female
14
Q
Outline ways that
gender differences are
reinforced in education.
A
- Socialisation
- Stereotyping
- Name calling
15
Q
Outline three ways in which the organisation of schooling may be ethnocentric.
A
- Uniform or dress requirements may conflict with cultural norms of some minorities.
- Timing of holidays may reflect Christian festivals
- Teaching history from a British perspective
16
Q
Outline three ways in which schooling might contribute to social stability.
A
- It provides role allocation through testing and evaluating students
- continues the socialisation process through secondary socialisation as it prepares children for their adult role within society
- provides pupils with the specialist skills that they need within society
17
Q
Outline three ways what reasons why vocational education is often given lower status in schools compared to academic courses such as GCSE and as and A-levels.
A
- Train them for needs of economy
- Work for low labour
- Reproduce inequality
18
Q
Outline three reasons why labelling in schools may lead to the formation of anti school subcultures form
A
- Sense of worth
- Setting and streaming
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
19
Q
Outline three factors inside schools that may affect the educational progress that pupils make
A
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Teacher and pupil relationships
- Labelling
- subcultures
20
Q
Outline three reasons why girls generally achieve more highly in education than boys
A
- Female role models
- Coursework
- Teacher attention
21
Q
Outline three reasons why some minority ethnic groups underachieving education
A
- low income households > poor quality housing, no working space etc.
- English language may not be their first language > not be able to understand exams as well as others.
- Teacher labelling > self fulfilling prophecy > accept their label.
22
Q
Outline three reasons why middle class parents are, in general, more successful in accessing better schools for their children than those from more disadvantaged backgrounds
A
- Economically stable
- Culture capital
- Socialisation skills
23
Q
Outline three ways in which privatisation has affected the educational system in Britain
A
- It has increased the competition between schools and driven up standards.
- Given parents more choice, so they have become consumers.
- Linked school funding to success rates which is known as formula funding.
24
Q
Outline three ways in which Marxists see school as being similar to the workplace.
A
- Bowles and Gintis > hidden curriculum
- Hierarchy
- Competition
25
Outline three ways in which government educational policies have attempted to reduce inequality in achievement between social classes.
- Comprehensive schools (1960s) = one type of school
- New Labour = funding, sure start and EMA
- New right = National Vocational Qualification
26
Outline three ways in which some sociologists have criticised the functionalist view of the role of education.
Marxist: it ignores the inequalities of power in society
Feminist: argue school passes patriarchal values and disadvantages girls
New Right: education 'fit for all' size doesn't help with specialist skills
27
Outline three functions performed by education, according to functionalists
sociologists.
DAVIS AND MOORE: role allocation
PARSONS: meritocracy
DURKHEIM: social solidarity
28
Outline three ways why the labelling of pupils may lead to the
underachieving
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Subculture
-
29
Outline three factors outside the education system that may affect gender differences in achievement
- Impact of feminism > women’s rights
- Changes in family
- Changes in employment
30
Outline three functions of education.
- Durkheim: creating social solidarity
- Davis and Moore: getting ready for work
- Parson: bridge between family and wider society
31
Outline three reasons why government education policies aimed at raising educational achievement among disadvantaged groups may not always succeed
- difficult to implement policies > pupils’ home life to change how parents socialise/motivate children
- educational policies alone cannot overcome poverty > requires far-reaching redistributive economic policies
- schools may fail to carry out the policies > misuse the funds
32
```
Outline three factors that affect working class children’s chances of educational
success
```
- Parental knowledge
- Teacher labelling
- Catchment area = poor school
33
Outline three ways in which housing may affect achievements.
- Poor diet= not right nutrition to concentrate
- Catchment area = poor school
- Overcrowding = no work area
34
Outline three ways in which pupils may respond to labelling and streaming.
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Reject the label
- Subculture
35
New right view on education
- Some people are more naturally talented than others
- Favour an education system run on the basis of meritocratic principles
- Socialise shared values such as competition and national identity
36
Describe two social policies aimed at raising boys achievement in education.
- Reading Champions > literacy program from the National Literacy Trust > targets reluctant readers by using famous people and role models
- Dad’s and Son’s (2002) > targets the dads of 11-14-year-old boys > help dads get more involved in their sons' education
37
Outline three ways in which pupil identities may come into conflict within school
Willis: Learning to Labour – found that the traditional working class male identity came into direct conflict with the norms of the school
Archer –found that girls that didn’t conform to traditional gender identities > came into conflict with the school. For most of the girls, constructing and performing a heterosexual, sexy feminine image was the most important thing to them.
Mac an Ghail - African Caribbean > any anti-school attitudes were reactions against this racism. He mainly blamed the school rather than the students
38
3 examples of pupil identity
- Archer > Nike Identities > use of brand
- Hyperfemininity > heterosexual sexy feminine image
- Francis > 'Toxic masculinity' > 'macho' identity'
39
Sewell's 4 black student identity
- Rebellion > similar to Hall
- Retreatist
- Conformist
- innovators
