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Biology of Mammals > Exam References > Flashcards

Exam References Flashcards

1
Q

Thompson & Nicoll

1986

A

Metatherian & Eutherian BMR variation

respirometry in Opossum and Elephant shrew

eutherian 30% higher BMR

facilitate higher reproductive output

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2
Q

Tilkens et al.

2007

A

Support Allen’s rule: limbs smaller w/ lower temp

human volunteers

longer leg = higher RMR

Neanderthal short limbs; bad for walking good for thermoregulation

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3
Q

McNab

1979

A

Fossorial mammals dont conform to Bergmann’s

lit data + energetics from 4 fossorial mammals

BMRs lower than expected

adaptions to high burrow temps

existing sp. limited geographical distribution

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4
Q

Porter & Kearney

2009

A

Intergrated shape into Bergmann’s

Bergmann=body size increases with temp

create model incl. shape & fur

predict TNZ more accurately

BUT shapes discrete categories

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5
Q

Shrestha et al.

2014

A

Heat dissipation depends on SA:V

S.Africa, activity data logger

Eland activity -tivly correlates w/ temp all year

Impala only correlates in summer: greater SA:V

exacerbated by climate change?

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6
Q

Cooper & Withers

2014

A

Maintenance of EWL

ash grey mice, Australia

under heliox = x1.6 heat loss

respirometry, maintained constant EWL

But: n=8, other sp, research sensory/control systems

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7
Q

Hacklander et al.

2003

A

Cost of reproductive supression

Alpine Marmots, Germany

live traps, marked (tattoo/dye)

reproductive sucsess decreased as no. subs increased

costly to dom female

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8
Q

Flemming

1971

A

Advantage of developmental delay

Panama Neotropical bats

dissection of 450

blastocysts implant, remain dormant sept-nov

implantation coincides with peaks in rainfall

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9
Q

Huchard et al.

2012

A

Advantage of polyandry

captive grey mouse lemurs

healthly females more promiscuous

favoured over precoupulatory mate choice

confuse paternity? infanticide defence?

But: captive not wild, ethical?

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10
Q

Opperbeck et al.

2012

A

Infanticide increases with male turnover

bank voles, controlled field study

juvenile recruitment decreased w/ increased male turnover in low densities

in high densities, females defend better?

But: n=small, test has low power

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11
Q

Gale et al.

2003

A

Response to novel male

house mice

bruce effect only early in pregnancy

late exposure= growth of offspring slower while weaning

alter investment/counter to infanticide

research: wild pop.’s

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12
Q

Brilliant & Terhune

1996

A

Group predator avoidance

Harbour seal vigilance

decreased over time since haul-out and with increasing group size

But: couldn’t ID so duplicates? couldn’t measure when seals scanned without raising heads

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13
Q

Schradin et al.

2010

A

Reproductive competition drives solitary living

African striped mice, S.Africa

radio collars & ear tags, 8yrs

breeding season= all solitary living if no. of territories not limiting (female infanticide/aggression)

Post-breeding= all group living (thermo reg. predator avoidance)

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14
Q

Cvikel et al.

2015

A

Sociality improves bat foraging

mini GPS ultrasound recorder

bats activly aggregate compared to model

in eavesdropping range 41% of time

jamming when density too high: stop attacking, resume 5s later= sensory trade-off

But: n=12 Research: other sp. birds?

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15
Q

Funk et al.

1998

A

Fitness benefits of group living

Red fox, Bristol, ear tags/radio collars, 6 groups

more stayed than dispersed

yet dispersal= more likely to become dom

subs gained fitness benefits?/behaviour manipulated by doms

But: what happened to dispersed? Research: non-urban

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16
Q

Hebblewhite & Pletscher

2002

A

Effect of group size on predation

Canada, Elk & Wolves, radio collars/areial surveys

encountered larger groups more & made more kils

increase in attacks offset by dilution

intermediate sized groups- dilution not strong enough

But: aerial surveys biased against small groups

17
Q

Brown et al.

2014

A

Skunk vax for rabies

captive skunks, vax in bait

100% showed antibody response

didn’t contract when exposed

Research: wild pop.’s

18
Q

Plowright et al.

2015

A

Ecology of bat virus spill-over

Ebola/Hendra/Nipah virus/MMR

different immune system (flight)

culling: stress=more shedding, increased birth rate

Research: controlled experiments manipulation eg. delay horse acsess to bat excreta, temp

19
Q

Leyrey

2005

A

Fruit bats reservoirs for Ebola

Congo, trapping

>1000 captured, tested for Ebola

3 bat sp. viral RNA in organs & immune response

all have broad ranges

20
Q

Abbot et al.

2012

A

Sylvatic plague vax

dust burrows w/ insecticide= labour intensive, kills other insects, resistance, y. pestis survival in soil

vaccine laden baits

effective control

21
Q

Hanson et al.

2007

A

Prairie dogs host plague

N.America, fleas from 55 burrows

analysed DNA for plague genomes

63% +tive yet no evidence for epizootic?

prairie dogs=host reservoir OR poor vector to host transfer OR immunity

22
Q

Tuyttens et al.

2000

A

Spatial organisation of badgers

bait-marking/mark-recapture/radio tracking

post cull: badgers use latrines further from sets, overlapping ranges

But: badger TB was reduced to 0 yet further infections in nearby cattle?

23
Q

Griffin

2005

A

Badger culls reduce TB

4 areas of Ireland

reduction of cattle TB in all areas

But: no ‘no-cull’ control area

more efficient method, result may be due to greater reduction of density

24
Q

Donnelly et al.

2003

A

Badger culls increase TB

large field trial, compared cull & no cull areas, 10 yrs

1.86% increase in cattle TB

But: other factors probably contribute yet cull had no positive effect

25
Q

La Rosa et al.

2008

A

Swine domestication spred disease

Trichinella spiralis

genotyped 1/5 of microbial genome, strains from 28 contries

uniform through west

lineages originated when pigs 1st domesticated

then husbandry governed transmission, expansion of agriculture

26
Q

Biggins et al.

1998

A

Reintroduction of Black-footed Ferrets

est. survival rates using model

night surveys w/ spotlights

survival highest in ferrets raised in outdoors simulated habitat

But: assumed equal detectability of treatment groups

27
Q

Wisely et al.

2002

A

Genetic diversity of Black-footed Ferret

24 microsattelite loci

compared museum specimens w/ current pop.

decreased genetic diversity (heterozygosity & no. of alleles)

But: small n Research: effects on fitness?

28
Q

Trillmich & Weissing

2006

A

Delayed Implantation Seals

obligate, syncronised

Otariid: smaller, prolonged lactation, foraging trips

Phocid: mother fasts

otariid too small to store enough

29
Q

Francis et al.

1994

A

Male Lactation

mist nets caught 18 Dayak bats, Malaysia

males expressed some milk

microscope analyisis: mammary gland similar to lactating female

males dont invest due to: uncertainty of paternity/ablility to desert & evade care

30
Q

Carbone et al.

1997

A

Larger packs don’t compensate for smaller share

model of African hunting dogs & kelptoparasitism by hyenas

larger groups = better defence/more time with carcass

but doesn’t compensate for reduction in share of meat

31
Q

Carter et al.

2012

A

BCG vax in badgers

4 yr clinical field study, Gloucestershire, vax & control groups, microchip & tattoo

risk of testing positive to a test for infection reduced by 54%

risk for cubs decresed w/ no. of vaccinated adults

but: test based on immune response not proof of infection
research: effect on tb in cattle

32
Q

Ivaschenko et al.

2011

A

Illegal soviet whaling

interviews & old material

1948 for 40 yrs

180 000 illegal kills

process 100 humpbacks a day

33
Q

Koschinski et al.

2003

A

Porpoise & wind turbine

recording of generator played back

echolocation clicks increased by a factor of 2

masking

different generator?

34
Q

Roman & Palumbi

2003

A

Pre-exploitation whales

mtDNA

fin was: 360,000

now: 56,000

But: no data from S. in pop, gene flow could inflate estimates

Biology of Mammals (1 decks)

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