Exam References Flashcards
Huse et al.
2000
Selectivity of fishing methods
Barnets Sea, Cod & Haddock
Trawler: harvests all fish in path, avoidance reaction bias
Longliner: no exclusion of small fish, caught larger cod than trawler
Gilnet: caught mean largest cod, selects for narrow range but young fat fish may be caught rather than old/slim
Glass
2000
Fish exclusion methodd
Square-mesh windows & escape panels: allow fish with upward escape reaction to get out (haddock)
Seperator trawls: eg. horizontal panel of netting to seperate cod end, rely on behavioural differences
no quick global solutions- vary with fishery/region
Munoz et al
2010
Enviromental effects of longlining
38 sets, N. Atlantic
weights damage corals incl. vulnerable indicator sp.( small glass sponge)
discards, seabirds- direct mortality
deepwater sharks are 80% of catch (ban 2008)
Pauly et al
1998
Fishing down trophic levels
est trophic level of 220sp. from global fishery landing data 1950-1994
mean trophic level declined 3.3 to >3.1%
unstable ecosystem/cascades, unavoidable?
But: quality of landing stats questionable
Riesen & Reise
1982
Effects of trawling on enviroment
Wadden Sea, grab samples, 9 sites
increase in r-strategists (polychaetes)
decrease in k-strategists (molluscs and crustaceans)
But: could be due to natural fluctuations/eutrophication
Zwolinski et al.
2012
Accoustic trawl
California; sardine, jack makerel, pacific mackerel
gives multispecies info over large areas & is fisheries independent, towards EBM
But: accurate classification of echos difficult for morphologically similar fish
Romo-Curiel
2014
Use of fish otoliths
California; white seabass, 3 locations, different sampling techniques
similar estimated growth rates with otolith suggest single pop.
But: v.young and v.old otoliths hard to read
are sampling techniques comparable? representitive of all ages/sizes? biased catch data?
Hunter et al.
2004
Fish migrations
DST tags record depth/temp of Plaice, N.sea
18% remained in english channel after spawing: mixing of stocks: should be managed differently
fisheries independent MPAs need to take migrations into account
Roberts et al.
2001
Reserves increase catch
St. Lucia, 5 reserves
in 5yrs, artisanal catches increased by 90%
more & larger fish= more offspring
biomass of 5 commercially important families increased by 3% in 3yrs
But: would it work on industrial scale
Morandeau at el.
2014
Why do fishermen discard?
Bay of Biscay, on board surveys
83% due to market issues
discards related to regulations minor
problem= selectivity & fishing methods no the quotes and catch composition
But: one area, small n
Tyson et al.
2015
Bird behaviour influenced by discards
Lesser black-backed gulls, Wadden Sea
40 tracked via GPS
sig. reduced use of w.sea at weekends when fleets not operating
switched to terrestrial foraging: flexible response
but still shows specialisation to discards
Wikelski et al.
2002
Marine Iguanas die from oil
only few killed immediatley- dispersed by strong currents
long term data on 2 pop.s: censuses and permanent marks
Santa Fe pop. 62% mortality
algal pastures didn’t change= deaths caused by sensitive fermenting endosymbionts in hindgut
corticosterone levels correlate w/ mortality
Hook & Osborn
2012
Effects of dispersant on diatom
exposure to dispersant= growth inhibition at lower conc.s than oil & dispersant and oil alone
dispersant also= membrane damage
diatom at base of food chain
but: only 1 type of oil tested
Li et al.
2015
CE causes respiritory epithelial damage
in vitro: human lungs, in vivo: mice, zebra fish, blue crabs
apoptosis of epithelial cells induced
changed permeability of brachial epithelium
swelling, reduction of airflow
research: effects in wild/ecosystem?
Liu et al.
2006
Dispersant= no short term effect on organisms
Louisiana, shrimp, killfish, oyster
83% of each sp. survived after exposure
no sig. difference b/w oil and oil with dispersant
but: only 24 hours
Garza-Gil et al.
2005
Economic loss from prestige spill
Galicia, Spain
fisheries closed for 6 months: lost €56 million
tourism income decreased by 20%
clean up costs
€762 million total
cultural/society losses
Langhamer et al.
2009
Biofouling & wave power
Sweden: scuba surveys, photographs
bouys dominated by blue muscles
no effect: not heavy enough, increased turbulance not significant
research: can they be enhanced as FADs?
Wilhelmsson et al.
2006
Wind turbines as FADs
Sweden: visual scuba transects
fish abundance increases w/ distance to turbines
small fish round FADs can attract commercially important sp.
research: could they be used as part of MPAs
but: human error/visibility/weather
Madsen & Boertmann
2008
Geese habituate to wind farms
counted droppings along transects
in 2000: kept distance >100m
in 2008: >40m and between turbines
research: long term, different sized turbines, does avoidance cost energetically/increased predation
Koschinski et al.
2003
Reactions of porpoise and seals to turbine noise
recording of noise played back to wild seals and porpoise
seals surfaced further away compared to control
ecolocation clicks increased by a factor of 2
but: recording of 2MW gen. different power/weather?
Curtin & Prellezo
2009
EBM review
System of management that views the system as a whole
Need:
imput and output controls
seasonal closures
prohibition of specific fishing methods
models of ecosystem processes
use of MPAs
Lindley et al.
2003
Stock Assessment of Cod
data from CPR and ICES
how do enviromental factors affect recruitment?
recruitment neg corr. with abundance of larvae
stronger than corr. with enviromental variables
=due to trophic effects
competition with and predation on plankton
Fonteyne et al.
2007
Different methods of measuring mesh
fishery inspectors: wedge gauge
scientists: ICES gauge
=cod ends have lower selectivity than anticipated by scientists
universal OMEGA gauge
wedge gauge liable to human influence
Sala et al.
2007
Changing selectivity of trawlers
mediterranean bottom trawls
reduction in selectivity with increased twine size
but: only used one type of net material
only looked at 5 fish sp.
