Exam Review

Question 1

two preconception theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis

Answer 1

All new species originate from preexisting species.
Closely related organisms have similar features bc they evolved from a common ancestor.

Question 2

germ theory

Answer 2

Certain diseases are caused by invasion of body by microorganisms. Important in understanding and preventing diseases.

Question 3

identifying characteristics for binomial nomenclature

Answer 3

physical characteristics, biochemical tests, serological tests, phage typic, and analysis of nucleic acids.

Question 4

binomial nomenclature format

Answer 4

generic (genus) name, followed by species name. Generic is capitalized, species is lowercase, both are italicized

Question 5

kingdoms

Answer 5

prokaryotae, Protista, fungae, plantae, animalia.

Question 6

what are kingdoms based on

Answer 6

morphology, metabolism, and molecular techniques

Question 7

domains

Answer 7

eukaryotic, bacteria, archaea

Question 8

what are domains based on

Answer 8

cells determined by rRNA

Question 9

normal flora vs microbiome

Answer 9

flora- organisms found in body
microbiome- organisms found in environment

Question 10

bacteria

Answer 10

single celled
prokaryotic
peptidoglycan cell walls
gram + and gram -
binary fission

Question 11

archaea

Answer 11

single celled
prokaryotic
lack peptidoglycan
live in extreme environments

Question 12

fungi

Answer 12

multicellular
eukaryotic
obtain food from other organisms
cell wall
composed of molds and yeasts

Question 13

protozoa

Answer 13

single celled
eukaryotic
live in water
asexual mostly

Question 14

algae

Answer 14

ingle celled
photosynthetic

Question 15

viruses

Answer 15

not alive
DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes lipid membrane
depend on infected cells to multiply

Question 16

are prions alive

Answer 16

no

Question 17

taxonomy

Answer 17

classifying living things

Question 18

binomial nomenclature

Answer 18

naming microorganisms

Question 19

methods for identification and classifying microorganisms

Answer 19

morphology, staining

Question 20

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 20

eukaryotes formed from smaller aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes
smaller prokaryotes became parasites
parasites couldn’t survive alone
larger cell dependent on parasites
aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria

Question 21

Redi

Answer 21

decaying meat

Question 22

Pasteur

Answer 22

swan neck flask tilted caused dust to seep into flask making it cloudy with microbes
germ theory
fermentation

Question 23

Koch

Answer 23

staining tech

Question 24

Jenner

Answer 24

vaccine, immunology

Question 25

Ehrlich

Answer 25

chemotherapy

Question 26

Snow

Answer 26

infection control

Question 27

Linnaeus

Answer 27

taxonomy

Question 28

Whittaker

Answer 28

5 kingdoms

Question 29

Woese

Answer 29

taxonomy of domains

Question 30

Fox

Answer 30

paired with Woese taxonomy of domains

Question 31

eukaryotes

Answer 31

membrane surrounding their DNA nucleus. internal organelles Large in diameter Complex structure

Question 32

what are eukaryotes composed of

Answer 32

algae, fungi, animals, and plants

Question 33

prokaryotes

Answer 33

No membrane surrounding DNA No nucleus Lack internal structures Small in diameter Simple structure

Question 34

what are prokaryotes composed of

Answer 34

bacteria and archaea

Question 35

capsule

Answer 35

repeating units of organic chemicals, polysaccharides or polypeptides. Attached to cell surface. Protects cells from drying out and may prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host. Osmotic barrier.

Question 36

cell wall fungal composition

Answer 36

cellulose and chitin

Question 37

cell wall plant composition

Answer 37

cellulose

Question 38

cell wall algal composition

Answer 38

cellulose, silicon, calcium carbonate

Question 39

flagella

Answer 39

Originate in plasma membrane. Rotate like propeller. Responsible for movement, runs and tumbles with stimulus

Question 40

arrangements of flagella

Answer 40

monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous

Question 41

cilia

Answer 41

shorter and more numerous than flagella more rapid than flagella

Question 42

functions of plasma membrane

Answer 42

regulate nutrients, water, and waste. Site of prokaryotic respiration and prokaryotic flagella attachment. Distribution of genetic material during binary fission.

Question 43

pili

Answer 43

mediate transfer of DNA from cell to cell rod like longer than fimbriae shorter than flagella 1-2 per cell

Question 44

chromosomes

Answer 44

composed of DNA and proteins carry genetic information

Question 45

mitochondria

Answer 45

where respiration occurs produces ATP

Question 46

nuclear membrane

Answer 46

separates chromosomes from cytoplasm

Question 47

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 47

SER- lipid synthesis RER- transports proteins produced by ribosomes

Question 48

endospores

Answer 48

permeability barrier against damaging chemicals

Question 49

chromatophores

Answer 49

adjust body coloration to its surroundings

Question 50

chloroplasts

Answer 50

light-harvesting. Have phospholipid bilayer, DNA, and ribosomes.

Question 51

Golgi complex

Answer 51

packages molecules in vesicles that fuse with cytoplasmic membrane

Question 52

axial filaments

Answer 52

Originate in cell membrane and transverses length of cell in periplasmic space. Associated with spirochetes. aka endoflagella

Question 53

ribosomes

Answer 53

site of protein synthesis. Composed of two RNA protein complexes.

Question 54

lysosomes

Answer 54

store and transfer chemicals within cells. Contain catabolic enzymes.

Question 55

cytoplasm

Answer 55

support organelles and cellular molecules. Many processes occur here.

Question 56

cytoplasmic inclusions

Answer 56

foreign substances contained within a cell membrane.

Question 57

fimbriae

Answer 57

rod like used by bacteria to adhere to one another/to hosts/to substances in environment

Question 58

glycocalyx

Answer 58

gelatinous/sticky. Surrounds outside of cell. Composed of polysaccharides and or polypeptides.

Question 59

slime layer

Answer 59

protection and attachemnt loosely attached

Question 60

coccus

Answer 60

spherical can be + or -

Question 61

bacilli

Answer 61

rods Can be + or -

Question 62

spirilli

Answer 62

spirals Only -

Question 63

gram positive

Answer 63

thick peptidoglycan cell wall. Purple.

Question 64

gram negative

Answer 64

thin peptidoglycan cell wall. Red or pink.