Exam Review Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
BCE vs CE
A
- BCE -> Before Common era, replaced BC (Before Christ)
- CE -> Common Era, replaced AD (After Death)
- “Common Era” refers to the time where Roman emperors reset the calendar
2
Q
Homo Sapiens
A
- What is now the modern human
- Is theorized to be the reason for other early human’s extinction
- They developed from primates
3
Q
Bi-Pedal
A
- Describes an animal that walks on 2 feet
- Early humans had an advantage by being Bi Pedal, because it freed up our hands to use weapons, tools, and to hold things
- ?
4
Q
Precision Grip
A
- How our hands are able to grab and hold things because of our thumbs
- ## This gave us an upper hand in early civilization by allowing us to make/use tools, and throw things
5
Q
Tool Use
A
- Allowed early humans to collect and hunt for food easily
- ## Gave an advantage over other animals, it improved what we lacked
6
Q
Hunter-Gatherer
A
- In a family or tribe, there were different roles that took care of different tasks, hunter-gatherer was one of them
- Hunter-gatherers were responsible for gathering food and hunting animals for food and other materials such as fur and hide
- Otzi the iceman was possibly a hunter gatherer based on the kind of clothes he wore, his weapons, and the food left in his stomach
7
Q
Neolithic Period
A
- The period in time in which agriculture was expanding in society
- this was about 12,000 years ago
- this larger led to many societal and technological advancements
8
Q
Domestication of Animals
A
- People started to domesticate animals to help with jobs such as hunting, and to provide food
- the use of farm animals played a big part in this
- the domestication of animals allowed for communities to form and hierarchies were made within villages/communities
9
Q
Cave Art
A
- how Neanderthals and Homo sapiens started to tell stories
- cave art demonstrated how early humans wanted to leave a mark in history, and have their stories to be told
- helped make their cave more into a home
10
Q
Neanderthals
A
- the so-called “cousin” of the homo sapien
- said to have been much stronger than the homo sapien, but not as intelligent
- went extinct, and no one is 100% sure why/how
11
Q
Otzi
A
- known as the world’s oldest wet mummy
- was believed to be a hunter-gatherer
- they gathered this conclusion through the kind of clothes he wore, his weapons, and the food left in his stomach
12
Q
Fertile Crescent
A
- an area of Europe and Asia where agriculture grew a lot
- this region helped start the Neolithic period
- societies that were known for their agriculture later on had many major developments in technology and society
13
Q
Cuneiform
A
- the first ever writing system, created by sumerians
- opened up doors for expansion of civilizations
- societies that had their own writing system had an upper hand over those that didn’t because of communication
14
Q
Hieroglyphics
A
- The ancient Egyptian writing system
- was around the same as cuneiform
- each hieroglyph had a specific meaning (communicating through symbols)
15
Q
Nile River
A
- the longest river in the world (located in Egypt)
- was a main resource for ancient Egyptians, allowed people to make Egypt habitable
- most of the farm land and settlements in Egypt were close to the river for easy access
16
Q
Upper Egypt
A
- northern/western part of Egypt
- was closer to waterfalls
17
Q
Lower Egypt
A
??
18
Q
King Tut
A
- one of Egypt pharaohs
- was a child when he became king
- his tomb helped archeologists and historians understand a lot about ancient Egyptians
19
Q
Nubia
A
??
20
Q
Mycenaeans
A
- the people before the Greeks
- where most of Ancient Greek myths and legends originated
- their myths have a possibility to be somewhat true, but exaggerated and changed over time
21
Q
Troy
A
- the movie we watched in class, that tells the story of Achilles and the fall of the Trojan empire
- the true story as to how the Trojan empire is not quite confirmed
- the Greeks invaded the city through the classic wooden horse, believed that the horse was a gift from Poseidon
22
Q
Achilles
A
- the demigod hero from the Iliad,who died by arrow to the heel
- there is no physical evidence that Achilles ever existed
- was the first classic “hero” that many other hero stories today follow
23
Q
Aegean Sea
A
- the sea that physically divided Ancient Greece
- ??
24
Q
Polis
A
- Ancient Greek city-state
25
Sparta
- city-state in Greece
- known for their strong dedication to their military/art of war
- they threw their babies of cliffs if they believed they were too weak to serve in the military
26
Athens
- city state in Greece
- known rival of Sparta
- were known for their philosophy, scholars and art
- women had less rights in Athens compared to Sparta
27
Persian Empire
- enemy of Greece
- largest ancient empire at the time
- ??
28
Classical Greece
- 200 year period of early Greece
- known for it’s philosophers, art and architecture
- in classical Greece, all of the people in city-states were classified as Greeks, but treated each other as enemies or rivals
29
Agora
- ancient city-state square
- held many markets and meeting places for people
- many debates and discussions would happen in an agora
30
Acropolis
- tall hill in a Greek city
- used as an area of defense
- they were usually very deep into the city, in case of attacks, the acropolis would be used as a last resort to protect the city and its people
31
Phalanx
- Greek battle formation
- utilized shields to create walls of defense, and spears to attack
- was later on proved to be less affective by Roman’s, phalanx’s were just big crowd of people pushing each other
32
Hoplite
- the first modern soldier
- they wore incredibly heavy armour (70 lbs)
- they had servants to help them get dressed and prepare for battle
33
Zeus
- king of the Greek gods
- god of mainly lightning, but became god of other things later on
- the Greeks would use the gods as ways to explain natural phenomena due to lack of knowledge/science
34
Olympics
- popular sports competition event
- was made to honour Zeus and to thank the gods for the peoples strength
- only men were allowed to compete and watch, but later on they would have sport events for women
35
Milo of Kroton
- an Olympic champion
- many legends were made about him
- first sports celebrity
36
Pankration
- Ancient Greek MMA style fighting
- an event in the olympics
- there were little to no rules or time limits
37
Philosophy
- the practice of independent thinking and challenging conversations with others
- philosophy started in Ancient Greece
- the first and most well known Ancient Greek philosophers is Socrates
38
Socrates
- Ancient Greek philosopher
- founder of western thought
- paved the way for many more philosophers to come
39
Plato
- Ancient Greek philosopher
- was a student of Socrates
- was known for criticizing democracy and its ethics
40
Stoicism
- a philosophic belief/way of life
- to minimize emotions and use logic
- those who practiced stoicism believed hey were practicing for an emergency that needed pure logic
41
Macedon
- small kingdom in Greece
- where Alexander the Great was born
- he later on ruled Macedon
42
Alexander the Great
- king of Macedon
- conquered parts of Europe, Middle East, and Asia
- many people today are divided as to whether we was a true hero, or more evil
43
Roman Legion
- military unit that represented Rome
- made up of about 6000 men
- had many different sub-groups within a legion, such as cohorts
44
Cohort
- smaller units within a legion
- each legion had 10 cohorts
- each cohort had 480 men
45
Pilum
- Roman javelin weapon
- were barbed so they wouldn’t come out of things
- ???
46
Gladius
- Roman sword
- was known to be short
- made for hand-to-hand combat
47
Tortoise
- Roman military formation
- shaped like a rectangle, they’d use shields as walls and roof and had their weapons pointing on the outside
- was used to get closer to the enemy, before contact was made
48
Scorpio
- Roman artillery
- fired bolts (small spears)
- was made to shoot at people
49
Decimation
- Roman punishment tactic
- 1 of 10 men in a century would be beaten by their peers
- was rarely used, and only used when cowardice was shown by men
50
Roman Republic
- Early Rome (500 years)
- a system when power s with the people (democratic ig)
- the leader of the republic is elected, not an heir like a monarchy
51
Roman Empire
- The leader is unelected, and the role is passed down by either family or choice
- Emperor/king rules a large group of states
- Augustus was the first emperor, after the republic was destroyed by Julius Caesar
52
Patrician
- Upper class of the Roman Society
- was actually the minority of society
- Patricians were usually important figures such as politicians and land owners
53
Plebeians
- Lower class of Roman society
- majority of society
- they could only vote if they owned land, but weren’t allowed to be in powerful positions
54
Julius Caesar
- Started of as Roman general
- later became dictator
- known to have improved Rome and it’s efficiency
- last ruler before the empire
55
Augustus
- First Roman emperor
- known to be generous and great leader
- Julius’ nephew, he treated like a son
56
Cleopatra
- Female pharaoh of Egypt
- fell in love with Marc Antony
- heavily influenced Roman politics
57
Caligula
- known to have been one of the worst Roman emperors
- stole from the economy for personal gain and killed for fun
- Major god complex (believed he was a god)
58
Nero
- example of a bad emperor
- killed most of his wives
- gained power through killing people
59
Trajan
- example of a good emperor
- extended the empire to it’s greatest extent
- built new and innovative architecture (bridges, roads, canals
- invested in education for the poor
60
Hadrian
- example of a good emperor
- his reign was the most peaceful
- made sure to visit almost the entire empire and to states
61
Bread and circuses
- used as a distraction by emperors to have citizens not pay attention to the state of the economy
- would provide food and entertainment to the poor to keep them happy
- this latter on has become a phrase to describe entertainment used to distract the audience
62
Blood Sports
- Sports that gladiator played to entertain
- usually resolved in severe injury or death
- A good number of gladiators started off as slaves, but later on people would volunteer to b them as popularity grew
63
Chariot Races
- Sporting event where they’d race horse chariots
- took place on an oval track
- was violent
64
Gladiators
- people who fought for the Roman’s entertainment
- usually slaves
- later on people would volunteer, when gladiators became popular and famous
65
Pompeii
- A city that was just south of Rome
- the city resided next to a volcano, Mount Vesuvius
- Pompeii was then destroyed due to the volcano erupting and burning down and burying the city in ashes
66
Huns
- large nomadic group from northern Asia
- drove people out of their homes
- invaded territories in the Roman Empire
67
Constantinople
- Founded by Constantine
- partially responsible for the fall of Rome
- the second capital of the eastern Roman Empire
68
Mercenaries
-Hired foreign soldiers who fought for money
- usually weren’t loyal
??
69
Mongols
- Well trained warriors on horses
- greatest Calvary army
- 50,000 warriors in Northern China
70
Gengis Khan
- Founder/Leader of the mongols
- warlord
- responsible for up to 40 million deaths
71
Bubonic Plague
- Bacterial blood disease
- later became airborne
- passed through fleas and black rats
72
Black Death
- Event that spread the plague throughout Europe and China
- believed to be a manifestation of God’s anger
- Less documented cases in China than Europe
73
Vikings
- Native scandinavians
- raided west Europe
- lifted Europe from the dark ages
74
East Islanders
- Polynesians/Pacific Islanders
- created iconic sculptures of ancestral guides
- most were later colonized
75
Moai
- tallest sculpture on eater island
- 82 tons
- helped us understand how their technology worked (how they made and moved it)
76
The crusades
- war fought over religion between Islam and Christianity
- 2 centuries long
- cost over 1 million lives
77
Sack of Rome
- Rome, with a population of 1 million
- largest and most modern city
- invaded and destroyed by vandals
78
Vandals
- Educated and skilled warriors
-wanted the riches of Rome
79
Islamic Empire
- Uniting of many tribes
- mined for gold which helped build a new civilization
- where Islam came from
80
Abbas Ibn Firnas
- first human to fly
- astronomer, inventor, engineer
- one of the biggest technological advancements
