exam review

Question 1

Motor Control

Answer 1

Motor control is the ability of biological (and artificial) systems to organize, initiate, monitor, and correct movements to obtain physically-realizable goals

Question 2

Synergy theories

Answer 2

we choose the movement that best takes advantage of known links in our anatomy and in the CNS.

Question 3

Available forces theory

Answer 3

Select movement that takes advantage of forces available in the environment (like gravity) or in the body (like interaction forces).

Question 4

Efficiency theories

Answer 4

Choose the movement based off minimizing costs of:
Error
Mental Effort
Energy Expenditure
Awkwardness and Jerkiness
Stiffness

Question 5

Posture Based planning model

Answer 5

We select and plan a movement based on our final posture. Supports the best comfort, and movement accuracy.

Question 6

Motor Planning

Answer 6

Selecting the best possible action for the specific time.* Take advantage of synergies
* Take advantage of available forces
* Plan actions that minimize costs (error, discomfort, effort, energy, jerkiness…)

Question 7

Sensorimotor control theory

Answer 7

how sensory information is used to learn, generate, predict, and adjust voluntary movement both before and during performance.

Question 8

Motor command

Answer 8

The descending neural signal to contract agonist and antagonist muscles in a way that fulfills the goal

Question 9

controller

Answer 9

best guess of the motor command

Question 10

Sensory predictor

Answer 10

The process that predicts the sensory outcome of the motor command (Produces Corollary discharge)

Question 11

Corollary discharge

Answer 11

The prediction of the sensory feedback that should be generated if command is performed (Product of the sensory predictor)

Question 12

Sensory Feedback

Answer 12

Sensory information that arises as movement is performed

Question 13

Sensory comparator

Answer 13

A hypothetical process that compares the prediction to the actual feedback

Question 14

Error signal

Answer 14

The difference between the prediction and the feedback.

Question 15

Two hemispheres

Answer 15

Left and Right

Question 16

Three major fissures

Answer 16

Interhemispheric, central, lateral

Question 17

Four Lobes

Answer 17

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Question 18

Three poles

Answer 18

Temporal, frontal, occipital

Question 19

One major commissure

Answer 19

Corpus collosum

Question 20

Sulcus/sulci

Answer 20

A shallow groove in the cortex.
Central sulcus, precentral sulcus, post central sulcus.

Question 21

Gyrus/ Gyri

Answer 21

A ridge in the cortex. Precentral gyrus and post central gyrus

Question 22

Primary motor cortex (M1)

Answer 22

Sends Efferent motor signals to the spinal motor neuron pool via cortical spinal tract

Question 23

Premotor Cortex

Answer 23

Incontrol of the bodies proximal limb muscles

Question 24

Primary Somatosensory cortex

Answer 24

• postcentral gyrus
• receives tactile, proprioceptive, and kinesthetic information from the periphery (via thalamus).

Question 25

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 25

* Occipital pole * Receives visual information from eyes

Question 26

Primary Auditory Cortex

Answer 26

* superior temporal gyrus * Receives sound information from ears

Question 27

Parietal Cortex

Answer 27

recieving and processing sensory feedback

Question 28

Descending neural pathways

Answer 28

Originate in the cortex or brain stem, decscend straight to the target alpha neuron pool through the spinal cord. Pathways are topographically organized.

Question 29

Pyramidal Tract: Cortical spinal tract (CST; pyramidal)

Answer 29

* Cortex (upper motor neurons) → spinal cord * 60% from pyramidal cells in frontal cortex (M1 and PMC) * 40% from parietal cortex * 75% axons cross at decussations – forms lateral CST * 25% descend ipsilaterally – forms anterior CST * Lat CST - Controls distal musculature of the contralateral hands and feet. * Ant CST – cortical control over ipsilateral trunk, neck, and shoulders.

Question 30

Pyramidal Tract: Cortical bulbar tract

Answer 30

* cortex → cranial nerve nuclei in medulla and pons * descends ipsilaterally * controls muscles of upper head and face bilaterally * controls lower face, mouth, tongue and neck contralaterally

Question 31

Extrapyramidal Tracts: Tectospinal tract

Answer 31

* Superior and inferior colliculus → contralateral cervical spinal cord (neck muscles only) * Innervates neck muscles so that they can respond to alerting visual and auditory stimuli in the environment.

Question 32

Extrapyramidal Tracts: Rubrospinal tract

Answer 32

* Red nucleus (midbrain) → contralateral to cervical spinal cord (upper limbs only) * acts on motor neurons supplying the flexor muscles of the arms. * stimulating the red nucleus induces flexion and inhibits extension.

Question 33

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Answer 33

* Lateral vestibular nuclei → all levels of the spinal cord. * Biased toward extension – controls muscle tone in neck, trunk, shoulder and leg muscles involved in keeping body upright (relative to gravity).

Question 34

Medial vestibulospinal tract

Answer 34

* Medial vestibular nuclei → the upper cervical levels. * Biased toward extension in neck and shoulders.

Question 35

Medial (pontine) reticulospinal tract

Answer 35

* Reticular formation in pons -> interneurons of spinal cord * Supports extension of the legs for postural support

Question 36

Lateral (medullary) reticulospinal tract

Answer 36

* Reticular form. in medulla -> interneurons of spinal cord * Supports flexor motor neurons and can inhibit the effect of the medial reticulospinal tract.

Question 37

Decorticate rigidity

Answer 37

Occurs when pyramidal tracts are interrupted but extrapyramidal tracts are left intact. Posture: Hands and arms flexed, feet plantar flexed internally rotated

Question 38

Decerabrate Rigidity

Answer 38

When both Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal tracts are disrupted. Posture: Head and neck extended, arms and legs extended, feet plantar flexed and wrists flexed wrists and feet internally rotated.

Question 39

Activation method

Answer 39

If brain area is involved in movement performance than when performing movement tasks this brain area will be more active

Question 40

Stimulation method

Answer 40

stimulate a particular region of the cortex by applying a low voltage electrical signal and observing the resulting movement

Question 41

Liesion method

Answer 41

If brain area is involved in motor performance than if that area is damaged then it will lead to movement impairment

Question 42

Dorsal stream

Answer 42

Use vision to guid movements

Question 43

Ventral Stream

Answer 43

Use vision to recognize shapes faces and scenes.

Question 44

Reaching

Answer 44

Moving the hand in a certain direction and distance

Question 45

Grasp

Answer 45

Using objects size/weight information to determine grip size, force and type.

Question 46

prehension

Answer 46

the action of grasping

Question 47

Basal Ganglia

Answer 47

group of nuclei in the base of the cerebral hemisphere. Responsible for the initiation and control of muscle activity. highly dependant on neurotransmitters present

Question 48

Basal Ganglia: Skeletomotor

Answer 48

Involved in control of voluntary movements, balance and gait

Question 49

Oculomotor

Answer 49

Eye movement and control

Question 50

Limbic

Answer 50

Emotional control and motivation

Question 51

Prefrontal

Answer 51

Planning persistence, memory and spatial ability

Question 52

substantia nigra

Answer 52

releases neurotransmitters for the basal ganglia

Question 53

Parkinsons disease

Answer 53

Progressive degenerative disorder in both movement and stillness. Degeneration of the substantial nigra. Leads to loss of movement and unwanted movement

Question 54

cerebellum

Answer 54

Contains half the brains neurones 1. Acts in advance of sensory feedback 2. Special role in motor timing. 3. Relies on a model of the body to coordinate *your* movements. 4. Special role in adaptation and learning

Question 55

Spinocerebellum

Answer 55

– Receive somatosensory information from neck and trunk (proximal muscles). – Sends sensory info to cortex and motor info to spinal cord. – Involved in the control of balance and gait.

Question 56

Vestibulocerebellum

Answer 56

– Receive sensory information from neck muscles (proprioception), vestibular system, and vision. – Output to centres that control neck and eye muscles – Involved in eye movements, balance control, vestibular reflexes (righting reflexes)

Question 57

cerebrocerebellum

Answer 57

– Receives inputs from sensory and motor cerebral cortex – Outputs return to cerebral cortex via dendate nuclei. – Involved in movement planning and execution, especially muscle timing.

Question 58

Cerebellar ataxia

Answer 58

When the cerebellum isn't working properly Jerky, ungraceful, inaccurate movements poor balance and gait poor learning

Question 59

postural orientation

Answer 59

Maintaining awareness as to where your body is in space

Question 60

Postural stability

Answer 60

ability to keep centre of mass inside the base of support

Question 61

Base of support

Answer 61

Main contact areas with support surface

Question 62

Centre of mass

Answer 62

A spot in space which is in the middle of your entire bodies mass

Question 63

Centre of gravity

Answer 63

the vertical projection usually straight down from COM

Question 64

Centre of pressure

Answer 64

the average pressure between all bases of support

Question 65

Stability limits

Answer 65

The amount of sway allowable without changing the base of support

Question 66

Ankle strategy

Answer 66

body sways at ankles

Question 67

Hip strategy

Answer 67

Narrower BOS, large rapid motion at hip joints

Question 68

Stepping strategy

Answer 68

Natural response, older people step more often than younger people.

Question 69

Anticipatory postural adjustments

Answer 69

Body adjusts posture right before a voluntary movement to compensate