EXAM REVIEW Flashcards
Explain what the Three Levels of Management are.
TOP MANAGERS:
> Responsible for the performance of an organization as a whole or for one of its larger parts (Ex. President, CEO, VP).
MIDDLE MANAGERS:
> In charge of relatively large departments/divisions (Regional/Plant Manager).
FIRST-LINE MANAGERS:
> In charge of a small work group of non-managers (Ex. Supervisor/Team Leader).
Explain what Unity of Command is.
> Each person should receive orders from only ONE boss.
Explain what Unity of Direction.
> ONE person should be in charge of all activities with the same performance objective.
Explain what Scientific Management is.
1) Develop rules of motion, standardized work implements, and proper working conditions for every job.
2) Carefully select workers with the right abilities for the job.
3) Carefully train workers and provide proper incentives.
4) Support workers by carefully planning their work and removing obstacles.
Explain what Theory X & Y Managers are.
Theory X:
> Managers create situations where workers become dependent and reluctant.
> Managers create self-fulfilling prophecies.
> Dislike work, lack ambition, are irresponsible, resist change, prefer to be led.
Theory Y:
> Managers create situations where workers respond with initiative and high performance.
> Central to notions of empowerment and self-management.
> Willing to work, capable of self-control, willing to accept responsbility, imaginative and creative, capable of self direction.
Explain and list Henri Fayol’s Five Rules of Management.
FOCCC:
FORESIGHT:
> To complete a plan of action for the future.
ORGANIZATION:
> To provide and mobilize resources to implement the plan.
COMMAND:
> To lead, select, and evaluate workers to get the best work toward the plan.
COORDINATION:
> To fit diverse efforts together and ensure information is shared and problems solved.
CONTROL:
> To make sure things happen according to plan.
Explain the Hawthorne Study.
> Examined how economic incentives and physical conditions affected worker output, such as lighting, temperature, etc (No consistent relationship found).
> “Psychological Factor” (human interactions) influenced results
Explain what Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs are.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS:
> Most basic of all human needs: need for biological maintenance; food, water, and physical well-being.
SAFETY NEEDS:
> Need for security, protection, and stability in the events of day-to-day life.
SOCIAL NEEDS:
> Need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in one’s relationships with others.
ESTEEM NEEDS:
> Need for esteem in eyes of others’ need for respect, prestige, recognition and self-esteem, personal sense of competence, mastery.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION NEEDS:
> Highest level: need for self-fulfillment; to grow and use abilities to fullest and most creative extent
Explain what the Scalar Chain is.
> There should be a clear and unbroken line of communication from the top to the bottom of the organization.
Explain Motion Study.
> Science of reducing a job or task to its basic physical motions.
Eliminating waste motions improves performance.
Explain and list the four Functions of Management.
- Controlling:
> The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure the desired result. - Organizing:
> The process of assigning tasks, allocating resources and coordinating work activities. - Planning:
> The process of determining an organization’s desired future position and the best means of getting there. - Leading:
> The process of motivating members of an organization to work to achieve.
Explain Bureaucratic Organizations & List the Three Branches of Classical Management.
- Scientific Management
- Administrative Principles (FOCCC)
- Bureaucratic Organizations
BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION:
CHARACTERISITCS:
> Clear division of labour
> Clear hierarchy of authority
> Formal rules and procedures
DISADVANTAGES:
> Excessive paperwork or “red tape”
> Slowness in handling problems
> Rigidity in the face of shifting needs
> Resistance of change
> Employee empathy
Explain what Quantitative Forecasting is.
> An actual example is of a grocery store trying to eliminate wait times at the checkout during certain times of the day.
Explain the Managers vs. Administrators.
GENERAL MANAGERS (GM):
> Responsible for the complex units and many functional areas.
ADMINISTRATORS:
> Is a manager in a public or non-profit organization (Ex. Hospital Administrator or School Principal).
Explain Prejudice vs. Discrimination.
PREJUDICE:
> Making judgements, having negative attitudes bout a person from a diverse group (Ex. Women & Minorities).
DISCRIMINATION:
> When individuals are unfairly treated because they are a member of a diverse group.
Explain what stakeholders are.
> Those persons, groups, and other organizations directly affected by the behaviour of the organization and holding a stake in its performance.
EMPLOYEES:
> Work for the organization
CUTOMERS:
> Purchase the organizations goods and/or use its services.
SUPPLIERS:
> Providers of human, information, material and financial resources
OWNERS:
> Stockholders, investors, and creditors with claims on assets and profits.
COMPETITORS:
> Other organizations producing the same or similar goods.
REGULATORS:
> Local, provincial and federal agencies that enforce laws.
INTEREST GROUPS:
> Community groups, activists, and other representing interests of citizens and society.
Explain what Globalization is.
> Is a worldwide interdependence of resources flows, product market and business competition
(Ex. Social networking, virtual communication).
Explain what Networking is.
> Networking is the process of creating positive relationships with people who can help advance agendas.
Explain what Utilitarian View of Ethics is.
- JUSTIE VIEW OF ETHICS:
> Fair and impartial treatment of people according to legal rules and standards. - UTILITARIAN VIEW OF ETHICS:
> Greatest good to the greatest number of people
Explain Forecasting.
> Forecasting is the process of predicting what will happen in the future.
Explain Whistleblower.
Expose misdeeds of others to:
> Preserve ethical standards
> Protect against wasteful, harmful, or illegal acts
Explain Ethics.
> Ethics sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong, in one’s conduct.
Explain Ethical Leadership & Views.
CLASSICAL VIEW:
> Managements only responsibility is to maximize profits
SOCIOECONOMIC VIEW:
> Management must be concerned for the broader social welfare, not just profits.
Explain Perception.
> The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment.
> People can perceive the same things or situations.
Explain Bureaucratic Control.
> Influences behaviour through authority, policies, procedures, job descriptions, budgets, and day-today supervision.
