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PSK4U: Exam Review > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are planes and axes?

A

Planes: The position of the body
Axis: The direction of movement at the joints

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2
Q

Explain the frontal plane. Give examples

A
  • Separates the front from the back
  • Used in lateral movements
  • Ex: Cartwheel
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3
Q

Explain the transverse plane. Give examples

A
  • Separates the top and bottom half of the body
  • Used in rotational movements
  • Ex: Pirouette
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4
Q

Explain the sagittal plane. Give examples

A
  • Separates the left and right halves of the body
  • Used in forward and backward movements
  • Ex: Bicep curl
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5
Q

What is the location of the anterior-posterior axis?

A

Through the anterior and posterior side of the body

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6
Q

What is the location of the longitudinal axis?

A

Runs from head to toe

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7
Q

What is the location of the horizontal axis?

A

Runs from left to right

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8
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Protection
  3. Growth centre for cells
  4. Reservoir of minerals
  5. Movements
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9
Q

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Axial: Contains 80 bones, made of flat bones which protect the entire body
Appendicular: 126 bones, supporting structures that help with movements

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10
Q

What is the long bone? Give an example

A
  • Found in the arms and legs
  • Ex: Humerus
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11
Q

What is the short bone? Give an example

A
  • Little bones found in the wrist and elbow
  • Carpals and tarsals
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12
Q

What is the sesamoid bone? Give an example

A
  • Small, falt bones wrapped around tendons
  • Ex: Patella
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13
Q

What is the flat bone? Give an example

A
  • Flat and thin protective bones
  • Ex: Skull
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14
Q

What is the irregular bone? Give an example

A
  • Unique shaped bones
  • Ex: Vertebrae
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15
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity and where is it found?

A
  • The supporting sitting weight
  • Found at the bottom of the pelvis
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16
Q

What is the anatomical name of the elbow?

A

Olecranon fossa

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17
Q

What is the anatomical name of the ear canal?

A

External acoustic meatus

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18
Q

What is the anatomical name of the tailbone?

A

Coccyx

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19
Q

What is the anatomical name of the funny bone?

A

Humerus

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20
Q

What is lordosis?

A

A distortion of the spine located in the cervical and lumbar region

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21
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

A distortion in the spine located in the thoracic region

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22
Q

What is scoliosis?

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A

A S-shaped distortion in the spine

23
Q

What are fontanelles?

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A
  • Spaces between the bones of the spine which are not completely developed
  • Known as soft-spots
24
Q

What is the lateral most tarsal bone?

25
What is the projection from the superior border, just medial to the glenoid fossa of the scapula?
- Acromion - Coracoid process directly inferior to it
26
What are the small fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction?
Bursae
27
What are the 5 types of joints?
1. Hinge 2. Ball and Socket 3. Pivot 4. Gliding 5. Saddle Joints
28
Give an example of a hinge joint
Elbow
29
Give an example of a ball and socket joint
Shoulder
30
Give an example of a pivot joint
Radius
31
Give an example of a gliding joint
Between tarsals and carpals
32
Give an example of a saddle joint
Ellipisoidal
33
What is the difference between origin and insertion? Give an example
- Origin: The point where the muscle attaches to the more stationary of the bones being moved - Ex: Femur - Insertion: The “other end” point where the muscle attaches to the bone that is moved the most - Ex: Patella
34
What are the 3 layers of the muscle and their locations?
1. Epimysium - Outermost layer, surrounding the muscle 2. Perimysium - Middle layer, surrounding bundles of muscle fibres 3. Endomysium - Innermost layer, surrounding individual muscle fibres
35
What muscle connects the clavicle and scapula to the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
Deltoid
36
What muscle is responsible for dorsi flexion and inversion of the foot?
Tibialis anterior
37
What are the Rotator Cuff Muscles?
1. Supraspinatus Muscle 2. Infraspinatus Muscle 3. Teres Minor 4. Subscapularis Muscle
38
What are the 5 main parts of the neuromuscular system?
1. Axon terminal 2. Muscle receptors 3. Synaptic cleft 4. Acetylcholine 5. Calcium ions
39
What is the function of the axon terminal?
Relays signals from the axon throughout the body
40
What is the function of the synaptic cleft?
Provide space for chemical transmission of messages from the nervous system
41
What is the function of the muscle receptors?
Inform the CNS about any changes to perform the movement
42
What is the function of acetylcholine?
Carries messages from the brain to the body through nerve cells
43
What is the function of calcium ions?
Involved in muscle contraction and neural signalling
44
What are the 3 different types of energy systems?
1. ATP-CP (anaerobic alactic) 2. Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic) 3. Aerobic System (cellular respiration
45
Explain ATP-CP
- Without O2 - 1 ATP produced - No by-products, no glucose breakdown - Used in quick actions - Ex: 100m dash, high jump
46
Explain glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm - Without O2 - Produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O, 2 pyruvate - Medium duration events - Ex: 400m/800m race, a shift in hockey
47
Explain the aerobic system
- Occurs in the cristae - Uses O2 - Produces 36 ATP - Endurance events - Ex: 90-120 seconds+
48
How many calories per gram are yielded by carbs, fats and proteins?
- Carbohydrates: 4 calories/gram - Fats: 9 calories/gram - Protein: 4 calories/gram
49
What is the body’s most and least performed energy source?
- The body prefers carbohydrates - The body least prefers protein
50
What is “energy” called in the body?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
51
What is the Cori Cycle?
- Lactate is recycled - Lactate is transported to the blood, then to the liver
52
Explain the sliding filament muscle theory
1. Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds with troponin, which pulls tropomyosin off the binding sites and allows the muscles to contract 2. Myosin heads form a cross-bridge (myosin grabs onto the actin) 3. Myosin head pulls (power-stroke) 4. ATP is used to break the cross-bridge and reset the myosin heads 5. Calcium gets pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, turning the muscle cell off (allowing it to relax)
53
What is the difference in lactate threshold between a trained and untrained person?
- Trained: Reaches their lactate threshold later - Untrained: Reaches their lactate threshold faster
54
What is an ideal nutritional plate?
- ½ a plate = Fruits and vegetables - ¼ of a plate = Protein - ¼ of a plate = Carbohydrates

PSK4U: Exam Review (1 decks)

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