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Grade 12 Biology > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Valence electrons

A

an electron in the outermost energy level or shell of an atom

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2
Q

Autoionization

A

the process in which a molecule spontaneously dissociates into ions

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3
Q

Functional group

A

A group of atoms that affects the function of a molecule by participating in
chemical reactions.

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4
Q

Isomer

A

A molecule that has the same composition as another, but a different arrangement of
atoms.

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5
Q

Coenzymes

A

An organic molecule that acts as a cofactor of an enzyme.

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6
Q

Endomembrane system

A

a group of interacting organelles between the nucleus
and the plasma membrane

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7
Q

Glycoprotein

A

a membrane component that contains a sugar, or carbohydrate,
bound to an amino acid

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8
Q

sterol

A

a type of steroid with an OH group at one end and a non-polar hydrocarbon chain at the other

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9
Q

Antiport

A

the transported solute moves in the direction that is opposite to the gradient of the driving ion.

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10
Q

hypotonic

A

the property of a solution that has a lower solute concentration than another solution.

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

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12
Q

Bond energy

A

The minimum amount of energy that is required to break a
particular type of bond, measured in kJ/mol of bonds

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13
Q

Entropy

A

A measurement of disorder in a system

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14
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

A pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex
molecules from simple molecules.

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15
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

a chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products
have less free energy than the reactants

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16
Q

Crista

A

A fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.

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17
Q

Decarboxylation reaction

A

A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to
form CO2

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18
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A

A reaction in which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+, and CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH

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19
Q

Proton gradient

A

A difference in proton (H1 ion) concentration across a membrane

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20
Q

Beta-oxidation

A

A process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA
through catabolism

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21
Q

thylakoids

A

Where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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22
Q

reaction centre

A

A complex of proteins and pigments that contains the primary electron acceptor

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23
Q

plastocyanin

A

From the cytochrome complex, electrons pass to the mobile
carrier plastocyanin, which shuttles electrons from the cytochrome complex to
photosystem I

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24
Q

rubisco

A

ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase; a critical enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

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25
Guard cells
Open and close the stomata of the leaf
26
Plasmid
A small circular section of DNA found in the cytosol of bacteria; replicates independently of chromosomal DNA.
27
Replication fork
The point of separation of the two parent DNA strands during replication.
28
Topoisomerases
A class of enzymes that relieve tensions caused by the unwinding of parent DNA; they cleave one or two of the DNA strands, allow the strands to untwist, and then rejoin the strands.
29
DNA ligase
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between two DNA strands, as well as between Okazaki fragments.
30
Solenoid
A group of six nucleosomes.
31
RNA polymerase
an enzyme that reads a DNA strand and creates a complementary strand of RNA.
32
Intron
A non coding sequence of DNA or RNA
33
Aminoacylation
The process by which a tRNA molecule is bound to its corresponding amino acid
34
Inducer
A signal molecule that triggers the expression of an operon’s genes
35
Nonsense mutation
A mutation that results in a premature stop codon
36
Recombinant DNA
A DNA strand that is created using DNA pieces from two or more sources.
37
Vector
A DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into a cell, for example, a plasmid
38
DNA sequencing
A process in which the sequence of base pairs in a DNA strand in determined
39
Biopharming
A process in which genetically engineered host organisms are used to make pharmaceuticals or other products that are useful to humans
40
Gene therapy
The insertion, removal, or replacement of genes (to correct defective genes) within an organism’s cells to treat a disease.
41
homeostatic mechanism
A system that monitors internal and external conditions and changes bodily functions to maintain homeostasis.
42
Set point
The optimal value for a given variable of a system.
43
Homeotherm
An animal that maintains a stable body temperature regardless of the temperature of the external environment.
44
Osmoregulation
The pressure of actively regulating the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells.
45
Nephron
The tiny functional unit of the kidney that filters wastes from the blood.
46
Protein hormone
A hormone composed of chains of amino acids that is water soluble; usually acts on cell membrane receptors.
47
Hypothalamus
The region of the brain that releases hormones to control the pituitary gland, which, in turn, controls other endocrine glands.
48
Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine cell clusters inside the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon.
49
Progestins
Predominantly female sex hormones, including progesterone, that control the menstrual cycle.
50
Gonads
Glands responsible for the production of sex hormones, as well as the egg and sperm cells; called testes in males and ovaries in females.
51
Dendrite
A projection of cytosol that carries signals toward the nerve cell body
52
Ion channel
A protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it.
53
Synapse
A functional connection between neurons or between neurons and effectors.
54
Cerebral cortex
The outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres.
55
Spinal nerves
The 31 pairs of nerves within the somatic system that transmit motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.
56
Habitat
The place where an organism normally lives
57
Demography
The study of the growth rate, age structure, and other characteristics of populations.
58
Population dynamics
The change in a population over time.
59
Allee effect
A density-dependent phenomenon that occurs when a population cannot survive or fails to reproduce enough to offset mortality once the population density is too low.
60
Fundamental niche
The range of conditions and resources that a population can possibly tolerate and use.

Grade 12 Biology (6 decks)

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