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Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a consistent internal environment without changing external environment

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2
Q

Explain what happens when your body gets too hot

A

Body temperature rises above 37°C, hormones target sweat glands

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3
Q

Explain what happens when your body gets too cold

A

Body temperature drops below 37°C, hormones target muscles (cause contractions)

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4
Q

What are the similarities and differences between negative feedback and positive feedback?

A

Each cause has to do with the temperature, our temperature will always go back to normal

Our body temperature will always change, hormones target different things, different changes

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5
Q

What are similarities and differences between passive transport and active transport

A

Passive transport is without the use of energy by the cell, it includes: Diffusion, Osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

Active transport uses energy by the cell, it includes: Ion pumps, exocytosis, and endocytosis

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6
Q

List the different types of endocytosis

A

Pinocytosis: Endocytosis of a fluid

Phagocytosis: Endocytosis of a solid

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7
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

to make energy (ATP) for the cell

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8
Q

What are the three types of nutrients?

A

Carbs, lipids, and protein

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9
Q

what macromolecules do the following enzymes digest? Where are these enzymes located?
-Pepsin
-Amylase
-Lipase

A

Pepsin: digests proteins, located in the stomach

Amylase: digests starch, located in saliva

Lipase: digests fats, located in the pancreas

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10
Q

What is the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis

A

Hydrolysis is a reaction that splits apart a polymer into shorter molecules

Dehydration synthesis is the joining of two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule

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11
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated: solid at room temperature, animal based fats

Unsaturated: liquid at room temperature, plant based fats

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12
Q

Define the tongue

A

moves food around the mouth, mixing with saliva to form bolus, pushes food towards pharynx for swallowing

a form of physical digestion

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13
Q

Define teeth

A

There are 28 permanent teeth, includes incisors for cutting food, canines to tear or shred food, premolars for crushing and grinding food, molars for grinding and have more ridges

a form of physical digestion

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14
Q

Define salivary glands

A

There are three types of salivary glands: parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

a form of chemical digestion

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15
Q

Define epiglottis

A

A flap that prevents food from entering the lungs by covering the trachea while swallowing

a form of physical digestion

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16
Q

Define esophagus

A

Is a muscular tube that connects pharynx to the stomach, bolus is pushed down by peristalsis

a form of physical digestion

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17
Q

Define pharynx

A

The space behind the oral cavity

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18
Q

Define cardiac sphincter

A

A thin ring of muscles that helps to prevent stomach contents from going back up into the esophagus

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19
Q

Define pyloric sphincter

A

A muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the top of the small intestine

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20
Q

Define stomach

A

A J-shaped organ containing three layers of muscles used to churn food

A form of chemical digestion

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21
Q

Define small intestine

A

Starts at the pyloric sphincter, nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the blood stream via diffusion, made up of three sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

A form of physical digestion

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22
Q

Define large intestine

A

its diameter is greater than the small intestine, main function is water absorption, absorption of vitamins, removes undigested food

a form of physical digestion

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23
Q

Define liver

A

Detoxifies harmful substances and produces bile

a form of chemical digestion

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24
Q

Define gallbladder

A

The organ that stores and releases bile

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25
Define pancreas
A flat gland that lies in the abdomen behind the stomach, produces pancreatic juices into the small intestine to help with digestion
26
What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical?
Mechanical digestion consists of physical movement which breakdown food into smaller pieces without changing the chemical make-up of the food Chemical digestion consists of enzymes and chemicals made within the human body that breaks down food small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream
27
Why do we need to eat and drink?
So our body can provide us with energy and nutrients that we need just to function
28
What is the purpose of digestion?
Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients which our body uses for energy growth, and cell repair
29
Define nasal cavity
Space behind the nose, function to filter, warm and moisten air
30
Define larynx
The portion of the respiratory tract containing the vocal cords
31
Define pharynx
Situated behind the mouth and serves both the respiratory system and digestive system
32
Define trachea
Is a tube like structure that connects the larynx to the bronchi
33
Define bronchi
The two main bronchi (left and right) that lead to our right and left lungs with a series of branches called bronchioles
34
Define bronchioles
The smaller branches that stem from the bronchi
35
Define alveoli
Where gas exchange occurs, is covered by a capillary network to exchange O2 and CO2
36
Define diaphragm
The muscle located underneath the lungs
37
Why do we need to breath?
So oxygen can enter our bloodstream to help with the proper functioning of our tissues and organs
38
What occurs during inhalation and exhalation?
During inhalation the ribs move up and out, diaphragm moves down, and intercostal muscles contract During exhalation the ribs move down and in, diaphragm moves up, and intercostal muscles relax
39
Where does gas exchange occur?
In the alveoli
40
What other body system is involved with gas exchange?
Our lungs
41
What is cellular respiration? Why is it important?
Its a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, its important because it provides cells with the energy they need to function
42
What is internal respiration? What is external respiration?
Internal respiration is between the capillaries and cells External respiration is between the alveoli and capillaries
43
What is the main difference between breathing through your nose and breathing through your mouth?
Breathing through your nose filters, warms, and moistens air while breathing through your mouth does not filter any foreign bodies
44
What causes inspiration and expiration?
Contractions and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that cause pressure changes
45
Contrast lung air pressure during inspiration and expiration
During inspiration there is low pressure in the chest, during expiration there is high pressure inside the chest
46
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air that you normally inhale and exhale
47
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after exhaling normally
48
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after inhaling normally
49
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that you can inhale and exhale
50
What is residual volume?
The air that remains in your lungs after you exhale the maximum amount of air in your lungs
51
What is total lung capacity?
The total volume of air your lungs can hold
52
What is medulla oblongata?
A structure in the brain that helps to maintain homeostasis
53
What are chemoreceptors?
Sensory receptors that transduces a chemical signal into a potential action
54
What is the role of the circulatory system?
To transport nutrients to cells, transport oxygen to cells, and remove waste from cells
55
What is the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure is the maximum blood pressure during contractions of the ventricles Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure record just prior to the next contraction
56
Why is the heart considered a double pump?
Because the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body tissue and the right side pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circuit
57
What are the three main types of blood vessels
Veins, arteries and capillaries
58
What are the differences between arteries and veins
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart
59
Why does the heart and veins contain valves
To prevent black flow of blood
60
Which artery supplies the heart muscles with blood
The coronary arteries
61
What is the name of the vein that circulates blood through the liver, kidneys and lungs
Vena Cava
62
How many chambers does the heart contain?
Four
63
What chambers contain oxygenated blood? Which chamber contains deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium and right ventricle contain deoxygenated blood, left atrium and left ventricle contain oxygenated blood
64
What occurs during diastole and systole?
Diastole is the stage where the heart is relaxing, systole is where the heart is contracting
65
What are the four components of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets
66
What is the function of blood?
Transportation, regulation, and protection
67
Where is blood made?
In the bone marrow
68
What are the two different types of blood cells?
Red blood cells and white blood cells
69
How can you tell if a person has leukemia?
A person with leukemia will have an abnormal amount of white blood cells

Biology (3 decks)

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