Exam Review Flashcards

Question

Explain 1995 refrendurm

Answer 1

After two failed attempts to bring Quebec into the Constitution with the Charlottetown and Meech Lake Accord's, they was a new move to Quebec Independence. As the campaign started many in Quebec were tired of the question and had every day lives to worry about, but as the campaign wore on the Yes side was gaining ground. On the weekend before the vote, federalist forces held a huge rally in Montreal. An extradordiany 93.5% of eligible voters cast their ballots. The vote was 50.5 percent for NO and 49.42 for yes

Answer 2

In 1940, the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) was the largest and most formidable air force in Europe. The Luftwaffe also had an enormous advantage of well-trained pilots with a well-defined tactical doctrine.

Answer 3

The Manstein Plan: - Luftwaffe(German Air Force) bombed Dutch and Belgian airfields and the German Army captured Moerdijk and Rotterdam which motivated French 7th Army moved forward to help support the Dutch and Belgian forces. Operation Sea Lion: - The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) set out to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF). - They spread out over Britain to their bombing targets: radar stations, air fields and ports and factories - When the Battle of Britain started, the Luftwaffe, with about 2500 planes, was vastly superior to the RAF, which had only 1200 Aircraft. - But the British had several advantages. One was superior radar, which helped RAF fighter planes track and shoot down Luftwaffe bombers before they could reach their targets. Blitz: - On September 15, German planes almost blackened the skies, but the RAF was ready for them. When the day was over, the Luftwaffe was decidedly beaten. Hitler put on hold operation sea lion and his invasion of Britain.

Answer 4

Men in these camps staged a walkout to demand better working conditions and higher wages → left the camps and hitched rides to Vancouver and jump on freight trains to take their case to PM Bennet in Ottawa

Answer 5

When trekkers arrived in Golden, B.C. townspeople would wait with huge pots of stew In Calgary, people donated food and supplies and Canadian Pacific Railway officials showed trekkers how to board the trains safely

Answer 6

Many trekkers reached Regina, Saskatchewan and the federal government was determined to stop them there → Bennett didn’t want any more unemployed workers to join the trekkers as they crossed the country so he agreed to meet the trek leaders in Ottawa if everyone else stayed in Regina. He agreed to pay for their food while they waited for their leaders to return Ottawa Meeting: - It failed to resolve anything - Bennett insisted that there was nothing wrong with the relief camps and that trek leaders were nothing but communist agitators - Bennett was determined that the trek and what he saw as a potential revolution would end in Regina - At public meetings in Regina’s market square, regina police and RCMP tried to arrest the leaders - As they attacked, the crowd panicked and some people overturned streetcars, broke store windows and fought back against the police - When it ended, one officer was dead and hundreds of police and civilians were injured - After this, trekkers once again boarded trains but to return to their homes They gained nothing

Answer 7

The British navy and air force controlled the 50 km of water - The English Channel - separating Britain from Europe. Hitler's plan for the Invasion of Britain was called "Operation Sea Lion". Germany however, needed to control the skies over the Channel before its invasion fleet could sail. He knew that the British Air Force would destroy his invasion fleet as it crossed the channel. The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) set out to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF). On 10 July 1940, wave after wave of German Messerschmitts and Heinkels streamed across the channel. They spread out over Britain to their bombing targets: radar stations, air fields and ports and factories

Answer 8

- When the Battle of Britain started, the Luftwaffe, with about 2500 planes, was vastly superior to the RAF, which had only 1200 Aircraft. - The RAF was also short of trained pilots and experienced air and ground crews. But the British had several advantages. One was superior radar, which helped RAF fighter planes track and shoot down Luftwaffe bombers before they could reach their targets. - Another advantage was that Canada and other Allied countries were sending pilots, radar personnel, replacement aircraft, and other supplies as quickly as possible. - More than 100 Canadian pilots flew in fighter operations during the Battle of Britain, and 200 more flew bombing raids. Even more served as ground crew. - By late August the Germans had lost more than 600 aircraft and the RAF only 260, but the RAF was rapidly losing badly needed fighters and experienced pilots and its effectiveness was further hampered by the bombing damage done to its radar stations.

Answer 9

Britain was losing the battle until Hitler made a strategic mistake. In August, the British decided to go on the offensive and made a surprise bombing raid on Berlin. The commander of the German air force, Herman Goering, was furious because he had promised Germans that no Allied plane would ever bomb a German city.

Answer 10

Though they were outnumbered by the Germans, the British Spitfire was arguably the best interceptor fighter in the world and proved deadly against the German bombers. German fighter cover was only partially available since the German fighter aircraft were operating at the limit of their flying range over England.

Answer 11

Thomas "Tommy" Clement Douglas, CC, premier of Saskatchewan, first leader of the New Democratic Party, Baptist minister and politician (born 20 October 1904 in Falkirk, Scotland; died 24 February 1986 in Ottawa, Ontario). Tommy Douglas led the first socialist government elected in Canada and is recognized as the father of universal health care in Canada. He also helped establish democratic socialism in mainstream Canadian politics.

Answer 12

The CCF supported programs that benefited workers, protected families and increased government involvement in the economy. Although they never formed a gov’t, the popularity of the CCF influenced the Liberals (and later the Conservatives) to support programs that strengthened Canada’s social safety net

Answer 13

- Provided free medical, hospital and dental care for senior citizens; – also funded treatment for those suffering from cancer and other diseases – - He still managed to reduce the provincial debt by 20 million despite those who doubted he could given the money he spent on health care - Douglas introduced universal hospital insurance For $5 per resident, they had all hospital bills covered - Douglas Introduced the Universal Health Care system to Saskatchewan Universal Health Care foes Nation Wide - Tommy Douglas becomes leader of NDP and intended to bring UHC to all Cdns - PM Diefenbaker(PC) sets up a Royal Commission which declares adequate health care “was a right of citizenship” - Diefenbaker loses to Lester B Pearson(L) in federal election, but Pearson forms a minority government and needed the NDP to stay in power - Pearson agrees to support UHC - Medical Care Act created a nonprofit universal Health Care System for all Canadians

Answer 14

Frederick Banting → research diabetes and believed it could be treated with injections of insulin taken from the pancreas of cattle fetuses which lowered blood sugar of dogs whose pancreas had been removed to make them diabetic

Answer 15

In 1968, equality was an elusive dream for many people in Canada. Trudeau envisioned a Canada that was a "Just Society" where all Canadians would have equal opportunities.

Answer 16

Women’s Rights - Under Prime Minister Pearson, a Royal Commission analyzed the status of women and Canada and came up with 167 recommendations to improve women's rights - In 1973, he established the Advisory Council on the Status of Women to monitor the progress in implementing the report's recommendations. Death Penalty - The death penalty was abolished when Trudeau's government brought Bill C84 in 1976. The Bill passed by 131 to 124 in a free vote. The White Paper - In 1969, Jean Chretien was minister of Indian Affairs and he produced the White Paper a government document to suggested the dissolving of the Indian Act and the department of Indian Affairs. - In maintained that in a Just Society Aboriginals needed to be treated the same as everyone else. Special treatment under the Indian Act was a form of legal discrimination. Multiculturalism - Trudeau envisioned a country in which many different cultures, would not only live peacefully together but also maintain their cultural identities. - In 1971 he formally recognized the diverse nature of Canadian society as an official government policy the first country to do so. Bringing the Constitution Home - Trudeau's vision of Canada was a strong federal state. - In October 1980, Trudeau announced he would proceed unilaterally on the issue. The issue went to the Supreme Court and it decided that it was legal for the Federal government to act unilaterally but they had a moral obligation to gain support of the provinces. The Charter of Rights and Freedoms - Diefenbaker had already passed a Bill of Rights in 1961, but it only applied to federal areas of jurisdiction. - Many premiers opposed Trudeau's plan, arguing that it infringed on their powers. - Trudeau argued in the era of big government a entrenched charter was needed to ensure protection of citizens from all levels of government.

Answer 17

The expansion of credit in the 1920s allowed for the sale of more consumer goods and put automobiles within reach of average Americans. Now individuals who could not afford to purchase a car at full price could pay for that car over time -- with interest, of course! Installment credit was used for car purchases and large household goods, such as refrigerators and radios. Everything else was paid for using revolving credit. During the boom, Canadians could afford more and when they had money left, mass advertising campaigns encouraged people to spend on stuff other than necessities.

Answer 18

- Too much credit buying → with new inventions, people bought new products with credit making them in deep debt - Too much credit buying of stocks → Canadians invested in the market to make it rich quickly. They borrowed money to buy stocks and bought stocks on margin. So when stock prices fell, Canadians had to sell all their stocks or lose all their money and have no money to repay their loans

Answer 19

People made their alcohol (moonshine) which could be poisonous. It was served secretly at speakeasies, essentially bars All law enforcement officers were men and didn’t like the ban. So the government allowed alcohol to be in place with controlled liquor sales because of the money they lost. The idea behind the name speakeasy was used to give entry into top secret bars and clubs when it was illegal. Throughout the prohibition, alcoholic beverages were illegally sold and consumed in secret

Answer 20

- Germans excelled at submarine warfare Submarine = U-boats ← sank allied ships - Ex. Britain was reduced to six weeks of food and their export ships were sunk ← great for starving a country - CANADA’s ROLE: shipping Canadian troops, food and weapons to Europe ← Germans wanted to stop this - To defend against U-boats, ships have to travel in armored convoys (DEFINITION: a group of vehicles or ships that travel together, especially for protection) - Mine-laying, heavier depth charges and zig zagging defeat U-boats ← more than half German U-boats were sunk or captured - LUISTANIA: U-boat torpedoed this ship that carried supplies and passengers from America ← these accidents helped shift American public opinion in favor of joining Allies, making US join war in April 1917, the “Sussex pledge” is where Germans agreed to not attack passenger ships

Answer 21

The Battle of the Atlantic was the struggle between the Allied and German forces for control of the Atlantic Ocean. The Allies needed to keep the vital flow of men and supplies going between North America and Europe, where they could be used in the fighting, while the Germans wanted to cut these supply lines. The flow of war materials into Great Britain via the Atlantic was the lifeline of the Allied war effort against Germany, and Germany nearly severed it. Though the Battle of the Atlantic was not witness to spectacular fleet engagements like those fought in the Pacific, it was nonetheless of supreme strategic importance. German UBoats patrolled the Atlantic against the British blockade of Europe and in an effort to stop supplies from America from ever reaching Britain. U Boats operated in groups of 10 called "wolf packs." The German navy carried out submarine warfare to cut off Britain's imports and military supplies. In the beginning, the Uboats had the upper hand. In July 1942, for example, Uboats sank 143 Allied cargo ships. In mid 1943, the tide began to turn in favour of the Allies. Crews were better trained and more experienced, and submarine tracking tactics and technology improved. The navy and air force had also grown and were able to protect more convoys more effectively.

Answer 22

In 1953, the Canadian government agreed to pay for the development of a new aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force. The requirements were tough, only the best technology in the world would be used. Canadian company A.V. Roe Canada, would design and build a new, allweather, supersonic jet interceptor, the Arrow, or CF105 The Jet was a remarkable achievement, but various reasons would lead to its demise. The cost of the project continued to climb and few countries were interested in buying it for their air forces. Also, its future effectiveness was called into question. Once the Soviets launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite into orbit, many western scientists believed that the same technology would be used to lead unmanned ballistic missiles, which the Arrow was not designed to stop. As costs began spiraling out of control, on February 20, 1959, Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the program and ordered all prototypes, tech drawings, models and photographs to be destroyed. More than 15 000 A.V.Roe employees would lose their jobs and the company was ruined. Diefenbaker decided to replace the Arrow with American Bomarc antiaircraft missiles. These missiles were only effective when they carried nuclear warheads. But Diefenbaker refused to store any warheads on Canadian soil. Therefore the missiles were useless and this program was also cancelled within 2 years. The Canadian Air Force, did however need planes and Diefenbaker eventually settled for used Voodoo figher jets bought from the U.S.

Answer 23

By the fall of 1941, the Soviet Union was bearing almost the full weight of the German attack. Stalin urged his western allies to open a second front. If they attacked German held France, the Soviets might get some relief. The British knew they weren't ready but everyone was upset about the fall of Hong Kong. The American's wanted action and Canadian soldiers were restless. They had been sitting around waiting in Britain for three years. A large raid would satisfy the Soviets, Americans and Canadians, it would also test German coastal defenses. On the morning of August 19, 1942, nearly 5000 Canadian soldiers, 1000 British and some American and French soldiers crouched in landing crafts off the heavily fortified French port of Dieppe. They intended to seize the town, destroy the port facilities and airport, take prisoners and return to England. The key to victory was surprise. The Germans were ready and waiting. They spotted the enemy ships during the night. Some allied ships had gone off course and arrived late. The raid did not start till daylight, the element of surprise was lost. The Canadians found themselves on a boulder beach in front of a town that was fortified with cannons, barbed wire, tanks, traps and mines. Many landing craft were blown right out of the water. One regiment had 96 percent casualties. Only a few soldiers ever reached the town. When the smoke cleared, 900 men were dead. Nearly 2000 were taken prisoner. The British examined the causes of the failure. 1) It was foolish to attack a fortified beach in broad daylight 2) The enemy should have been weakened by aerial and naval bombardment before landing. The Dieppe raid taught the Allies that much stronger military forces were required to break through the German coastal defences. As well, a much higher proportion of military forces should be held in reserve until the progress of the initial assault was known. The DDay invasion date was now moved from 1943 to 1944.

Answer 24

First radios: had a small piece of quartz crystal where a thin wire went over the crystal to locate stations. Edward Rogers revolutionized the radio industry by inventing the world’s first AC radio tube. → allowed radios to be powered by household electricity rather than batteries which were expensive Some Candains radio station existed but most were produced from U.S. transmitters PM King wanted Canadian content to be protected so it was recommended that there was a coast to coast radio system → The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CBC today) Made world seem smaller Inexpensive Ended isolation and brought families together to listen to latest news, sports, music or drama, or soap operas, crime stories, mysteries, comedies where they actually acted on microphone to tell stories

Answer 25

Back in the day, to listen to the radio you had to wear heavy headsets attached to a crystal set that was expensive He solved the problem of the hum by electromagnetically and electrically shielding the input and output circuits of the tube from the heater. He produced the first battery-less station in the world, Canada's First Rogers Batteryless Broadcasting Station. Could plug into wall which was more convenient as they could listen to the radio 24/7 or as much as they want

Answer 26

During the Quiet Revolution, some Quebecois began to embrace the idea of Quebec separating from Canada, but most wanted to work within the political system to achieve this goal. Others however were impatient and wanted quicker results. The Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) viewed francophone Quebecois as victims of the powerful anglophone elite that controlled business and industry in the province. The FLQ's goal was complete independence for Quebec. In its place, they wanted to create a Frenchspeaking workers society. They would resort to violence to achieve their goals.

Answer 27

They used bombings, robberies and kidnappings to try and disrupt society so much that people would rebel and overthrow the government. Between 1963 and 1970, members of the FLQ planned and carried out more than 200 violent acts, in which 5 people died and others were injured. In 1969, the FLQ stepped up its campaign detonating a bomb in the Montreal Stock Exchange and another in the home of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau. The October Crisis On October 5, 1970, the FLQ kidnapped James Cross, the British trade commissioner in Montreal. They then issued a media release outlining their demands: release of "political prisoners" FLQ members who had been arrested, payment of $500 000, publication of the FLQ manifesto, an airplane to fly FLQ members to Cuba or Algeria. A joint federalprovincial team was established to deal with the crisis and refused to give in to the demands, although the media published and broadcast the manifesto. Then on October 10, another cell of the FLQ kidnapped Pierre Laporte, Quebec's minister of labour and a key member of the government team. Quebec Premier Robert Bourassa asked the Federal government to send troops to Montreal to protect government officials. He also announced that he would release some prisoners and promised the kid nappers passage out of Canada if the hostages were released.

Answer 28

Instituted in the hope of avoiding war, appeasement was the name given to Britain's policy in the 1930s of allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked. Most closely associated with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, it is now widely discredited as a policy of weakness. Appeasement means giving people what they want to prevent them from harming you or being angry with you.

Answer 29

Ethipia and Italy: Early sign of appeasement: Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia, appealed to the League of Nations. The League members agreed that Italy was wrong. They said they would cut off Italy's oil supplies. "Oil means war!" replied Mussolini. The League backed down. They did impose sanctions on Italy and there was no international support for the Italians, except from Hitler. Austria: There were many people in Austria who supported this and Austria had no way of defending itself against the rebuilt German army. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany and Austria were not permitted to unite, but none of the leaders of Britain, France, or the United States was in a position to, or had the desire to start a war with Germany. Czech: Hitler's expansion of Germany's living space was not nearly complete. The rich industrialized Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia was home to 3 million Germanspeaking Czechs. Hitler claimed that they were oppressed and the victims of violence. There is a belief that Hitler had attacks on the German Speaking Czechs carried out in order to prove his argument. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Premier Daladier of France met with Hitler in Munich and agreed to allow Germany to have the Sudetenland. They believed this would save the world from war. The Czechs were not consulted in the decision and were furious about being sold out by their allies, but were helpless to resist.

Answer 30

With his government programs and policies, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, which included his role in ending the Suez Crisis, Pearson is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is ranked among the greatest Canadian

Answer 31

Suez Crisis: International tensions ran high as the UN desperately looked for a solution. At the time, a future Canadian prime minister, Lester B. Pearson, was secretary of State for External Affairs. After persistent and endless rounds of lobbying, Pearson persuaded the UN General Assembly to organize the worlds first international peacekeeping mission. The UN ordered all foreign troops out of Egypt. Then it sent in the first UN peacekeeping force to keep the warring sides apart and maintain peace in the region while the sides negotiated a solution. Lester B. Pearson would receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in the Suez Crisis. World Fair: PM Pearson refused to meet with du Gaulle and he cancelled a planned trip to Ottawa and returned to France. Women’s Rights Under Prime Minister Pearson, a Royal Commission analyzed the status of women and Canada and came up with 167 recommendations to improve women's rights UHC: Pearson needs NDP to stay in power and accepts UHC

Answer 32

The Suez Crisis of 1956, in which the Egyptian Government seized control of the Suez Canal from the British and French owned company that managed it, had important consequences for U.S. relations with both Middle Eastern countries and European allies. Ceasefire. Britain and France were forced to agree to a ceasefire, which came into effect at midnight on 6-7 November 1956. A United Nations Emergency Force was then brought in to replace their troops. The United Nations granted Egypt sovereignty of the Suez Canal, which was re-opened to shipping in April 1957. Eisenhower thought an invasion would be counterproductive and would probably result in the closure of the canal, at least temporarily. He also worried that invasion would be perceived as an act of Western imperialism that could drive much of the Middle East and Africa into the arms of the Soviets.

Answer 33

DEFINITION: citizens of countries at war with britain who immigrated to canada WHO WAS TARGETED Canadian were suspicious of people entering Canada from enemy countries ABout 9,000 immigrants from Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, Germans, Croatia, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey and Bulgaria Labor bosses hired Canadian born workers and not immigrants, posing high unemployment immigration population ← to be patriotic Enemy aliens had to report monthly and carry special ID cards and travel documents WHAT DID GOVERNMENT DO? PM Borden passed War Measure Act ← took away freedoms and arrests and oppressed enemy aliens This act placed them in internment camps ← basically concentration camp were enemy aliens worked ← they placed camps near miens or work sites People became prisoners if they left Canada as it posed a ward threat, if you were acting suspicious, resistance to authority, and state of hiding 3rd year of war, they needed workers in labor force so enemy aliens were released into workforce

Answer 34

Trudeau argued that this was justified in the face of an insurrection. The War Measures Act passed during WWI, suspended Canadian's rights and freedoms and gave the government sweeping emergency powers. It allowed the government to: declare anyone who publicly supported the FLQ to be a member of the group, arrest and hold any member of the FLQ without bail for 90 days, imprison FLQ members for up to 5 years On October 18, the body of Pierre Laporte was discovered in the trunk of a car in Montreal. In the following weeks, roughly 450 people, including academics, entertainers, labour leaders and Parti Quebecois members were arrested and held in isolation and not allowed to contact a lawyer. The first news about the fate of James Cross came on Oct 27. Police were negotiating with the kid nappers and on December 3, Cross was released. In return, five of the kidnappers and some of their family were flown to Cuba. Aftermath: The reaction to Trudeau invoking the War Measures Act was mixed. Some thought it was too harsh, while others thought it was justified. A total of 62 people were charged with crimes ranging from being an FLQ member, to conspiracy to commit a crime, to murder. In 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Conservative Government replaced the War Measures Act with the Emergencies Act. The new law grants the government emergency powers in a crisis, but the act also specifies that the Charter of Rights and Freedoms remains in effect.

Answer 35

During his six years as prime minister, his government obtained passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights and granted the vote to the First Nations and Inuit peoples. In 1962, Diefenbaker's government eliminated racial discrimination in immigration policy.

Answer 36

AVRO Arrow: As costs began spiraling out of control, on February 20, 1959, Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the program and ordered all prototypes, tech drawings, models and photographs to be destroyed. More than 15 000 A.V.Roe employees would lose their jobs and the company was ruined. Diefenbaker decided to replace the Arrow with American Bomarc antiaircraft missiles. These missiles were only effective when they carried nuclear warheads. But Diefenbaker refused to store any warheads on Canadian soil. Therefore the missiles were useless and this program was also cancelled within 2 years. The Canadian Air Force, did however need planes and Diefenbaker eventually settled for used Voodoo figher jets bought from the U.S. Charter Rights of Freedoms: One of the most contentious issues was the inclusion of an entrenched Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Diefenbaker had already passed a Bill of Rights in 1961, but it only applied to federal areas of jurisdiction.

Answer 37

The United States wanted a unified air defence system for North America. In 1956, the U.S. persuaded Canada to form the North American Air Defense Agreement (NORAD) (The name was changed to North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1981.) Under the agreement, each country maintained its own independent air force. In the event of an attack, however, both air forces would be under joint control, with an American commander and a Canadian second-in-command. The agreement was formally signed in 1958. NORAD had wide-ranging implications for Canada's military autonomy. For the first time, Canada was squarely under the American defence umbrella. The country was now committed to participating in US conflicts even if it did not want to get involved. Canada also had to rely on the American defence industry for its military hardware. All of Canada's existing defence equipment was eventually replaced with American produced technology. Why: In September 1957, the two nations agreed to create the “North American Air Defense Command” (NORAD) headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colo. as a bi-national command, centralizing operational control of continental air defenses against the threat of Soviet bombers.

Answer 38

Even before the end of WWII, plans were underway to create a new international organization to secure world peace. The Allies agreed that the League of Nations had been a failure. The organization that replaced it had to have real power to intervene and settle disputes before events escalated to war. Any new international body had to have its own armed forces that could keep enemies apart (Volunteer based, with soldiers from each country, like the one used in Korean War) Between April and June 1945, representatives of 51 countries, including Canada gathered in San Francisco to define the principles of the new organization. In June, they signed the charter that created the United Nations. Its main objectives were: to ensure collective security by working together to avoid war to encourage co-operation among countries to defend human rights to improve living conditions for people around the world.

Answer 39

Security council Made up of 5 permanent members and 10 non- permanent, the security council was specifically tasked with maintaining global peace and security. The 5 Permanent members are: United States, Great Britain, France, Russia and China U.N. resolutions that involved peace and security of nations must pass through the security council. The 5 permanent members have veto power and if they vote no on a resolution it does not pass. But they can abstain from voting.

Answer 40

In 1946, John Humphrey, a Canadian Law professor became the head of the UN Division for Human Rights. In 1947, Humphrey wrote the original 400 page draft of what would become one of the most important human rights documents in history. The Declaration states that "All Human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. All people have these rights regardless of their race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Key rights of the declaration include: right to life and liberty right to freedom of movement, thought and religion freedom from slavery, torture, and imprisonment without charge right to education, to a fair trial, and to equal pay for work of equal value right to work, to join a union and to rest the right to a nationality

Answer 41

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

Answer 42

The League of Nations. The League of Nations was formed to prevent a repetition of the First World War, but within two decades this effort failed. Economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation (particularly in Germany) eventually contributed to World War II. Events: In 1931, the Japanese army attacked the northern Chinese province of Manchuria. In 1937 they launched a full invasion of the rest of China. The League of Nations was not prepared to act. Asia seemed so far away. All the League did to support China was to refuse to recognize the new government in Manchuria. In defiance, Japan simply withdrew from the League. Japan set out to conquer the rest of China and to build its empire in the Pacific. Early sign of appeasement: Haile Selassie, the Emperor of Ethiopia, appealed to the League of Nations. The League members agreed that Italy was wrong. They said they would cut off Italy's oil supplies. "Oil means war!" replied Mussolini. The League backed down. They did impose sanctions on Italy and there was no international support for the Italians, except from Hitler.

Answer 43

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out primarily through mass shootings and poison gas in extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, and Chełmno in occupied Poland. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs). The Nazis developed their ideology based on racism and pursuit of "living space", and seized power in early 1933. Meant to force all German Jews to emigrate, regardless of means, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish ghettos to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, 1.5 to 2 million Jews were shot by German forces and local collaborators. By early 1942, the Nazis decided to murder all Jews in Europe. Victims were deported to extermination camps where they were killed with poisonous gas if survived, while others were sent to forced labor camps where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in experiments. Property belonging to murdered Jews were redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued until the end of the war in May 1945.

Answer 44

People wanted a way out of the hopelessness, the frustration, and the insecurity. They were ready to follow any leader who promised them better things. They wanted to be told that their country was great. They wanted to believe that their problems were someone else's fault. They blamed foreigners, communists, democrats, and Jews. When Germany surrendered in 1918, soldiers everywhere were happy because the war was over, but Hitler cried because Germany had been beaten. He swore revenge on the "socialists and Jewish traitors who stabbed Germany in the back"

Answer 45

Hitler announces his hatred of what he believed to be the world's twin evils: Communism and Judaism. The Nazis preached "racial purity" They claimed that Germans were the "master race". Jews, Slavs, Blacks, Asians, and other minorities were to be regarded as "impure aliens."

Answer 46

Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, giving Hitler special powers to deal with "enemies of Germany". As soon as he was granted these powers he abolished the Parliament giving Hitler dictatorial power. Hitler believed in the "purity" of what he called the "Aryan" races of northern Europe. He believed Jews were an inferior race. At first the Nazis took small steps against the Jewish community. They banned displays of modern art and performances of modern music, claiming that these art forms had been influenced by Jews. They also banned any music or art that was made by a Jewish artist. School textbooks were changed to portray Jews as evil, so the youngest Germans would be exposed to this racist message.

Answer 47

The situation got much worse for the Jewish population in 1935, when the Nuremberg Laws came into effect. The Jewish people could no longer: attend a university teach in any school or university marry a person who was not of Jewish faith hold a government job (civil service) be the author of a book be a lawyer or a doctor vote or hold public office

Answer 48

In November 1938, the Nazis launched a violent attack on German Jews. Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues(places of worship) were attacked all over Germany. Individuals and families were terrorized as Naziled mobs beat them up at will, many were killed and arrested for fighting back. Afterwards, the Nazis forced the Jewish people to clean up the mess and pay for its disposal.

Answer 49

The Canadian State introduced many of its social programs and expanded existing ones after the Second World War. (See Social and Welfare Services.) The two main types of programs are income assistance programs and services-based social programs. Income assistance programs make direct payments to individuals.

Answer 50

Post-WWII, Canada’s vast resources were in high demand, creating an upsurge in all industries and leading to more jobs – Large oil deposits made us almost self-sufficient – Uranium (now in high demand) was discovered in Canada – The gov’t began a massive building program to improve transportation for people and industry The Trans-Canada Highway (1950) The St. Lawrence Seaway (1951)

Answer 51

- WWII had delayed many young people from marrying and starting families – When WWII ended, the young men returned and soon the “Baby Boom” began – In 10 years (1949-59), - Canada’s population grew from 13.5 million to 17.5 million – These new families purchased homes, cars and lots of consumer goods – The government spent money on building new schools, libraries, hospitals and other new facilities to accommodate the growing population

Answer 52

- Some worried that the end of WWII might bring an end to economic prosperity Many remembered the Great Depression and what it was like to be out of work or poor - The CCF (later the NDP) became prominent under its leader Tommy Douglas - The CCF supported programs that benefited workers, protected families and increased government involvement in the economy - Although they never formed a gov’t, the popularity of the CCF influenced the Liberals (and later the Conservatives) to support programs that strengthened Canada’s social safety net

Answer 53

- Created the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp.(CMHC) – - Created to improve housing conditions (building codes, renovations) – Helped to create decent, affordable housing – Helped families to secure mortgage loans

Answer 54

The “Baby Bonus” was a small, fixed amount of money given to families for every child – It was provided regardless of income

Answer 55

Employed people paid a certain amount of their wages into the fund as “insurance” – If they lost their jobs, the fund would provide them with money to live on – This was to avoid the crushing poverty experienced by many during the Depression

Answer 56

These were programs to provide for the elderly when they could no longer work – People pay into the CPP while they work and then get a fixed amount of money once they reach the age of 60 – This was one of the first examples of “co-operative federalism” where both Federal and Provincial gov’t work together to achieve a goal

Answer 57

Universal Health Care=all people have equal access to medical care. Every man, woman and child can see a doctor and receive health care, paid for by the gov’t no matter where they live and no matter how much money they have.

Answer 58

- The Depression – - Cdns began to see a need to help those who couldn’t help themselves Britain created a model welfare state and Canada was still very much influenced by her “mother” country - The UN declared health care as a basic human right(1948) as a member of the UN, Canada would have been pressured into putting UN goals into practice

Answer 59

The Constitution Act, 1982 is a landmark document in Canadian history. It achieved full independence for Canada by allowing the country to change its Constitution without approval from Britain. It also enshrined the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Canada's Constitution, the highest law of the land.

Answer 60

In September 1980 Trudeau met with the Provincial premiers to work out a deal on a new constitution. Trudeau's vision of Canada was a strong federal state. Any move toward greater decentralization was unacceptable to him. As a result the talks ended in a stale mate as both sides tried to increase their power at the expense of the other. In October 1980, Trudeau announced he would proceed unilaterally on the issue. The issue went to the Supreme Court and it decided that it was legal for the Federal government to act unilaterally but they had a moral obligation to gain support of the provinces. Both parties agreed to return to the bargaining table.

Answer 61

One of the most contentious issues was the inclusion of an entrenched Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Diefenbaker had already passed a Bill of Rights in 1961, but it only applied to federal areas of jurisdiction. Many premiers opposed Trudeau's plan, arguing that it infringed on their powers. Trudeau argued in the era of big government a entrenched charter was needed to ensure protection of citizens from all levels of government. The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the Canada Act 1982 at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982, the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Answer 62

After intense negotiations, the Prime Minister reached an agreement with 9 of the 10 provinces in November 1981. The Turning point was the inclusion of the notwithstanding clause . In return for accepting the Charter the provincial premiers insisted that Trudeau include a clause that gave governments the right to pass laws that violated certain charter rights, providing the law states it is "notwithstanding" a specific provision of the Charter. Believing a weakened charter was better than no charter at all, Trudeau accpeted the proposal. Only Quebec remained on the sideline. An agreement was made during the middle of the night in a pantry at the Conference centre (Rene Levesque, Premier of Quebec was staying at a different hotel, and was therefore not present) This came to be known as the 'Kitchen Accord" Levesque awoke the next morning to find that an agreement had been reached without him and he refused to endorse the deal. The Constitution Act, 1982, was added to the other documents, including the British North America Act, that make up Canada's constitution. The Constitution can be ammended with the agreement of at least two thirds of the provinces representing at least half the country's population. This arrangement means that it is possible to make changes even if Quebec objects. Although the Supreme Court later ruled that the Constitution applies in Quebec, Quebec has never signed the constitution.

Answer 63

More than half of Canadians were British heritage When Britain declared war, Borden did too Canadains wanted to join the war as they believed it would be over by christmas WWI began and Canada fell in economic depression with high unemployment

Answer 64

BEFORE WAR: Canadian factories only produced goods for the Canadian market. Exports were raw materials only WAR BEGAN: Business people wanted Canada to make weapons for allied forces Canada made ⅓ of shells used by Britain. It increased demand of nickel, copper and increased economy Made guns, airplane parts, submarines, ships, aluminum, nickel and railway tracks sent to europe. The Canadian army was provided equipment

Answer 65

With war raging, production of food became on demand. This expansion needed men on farms to serve the country but they were all fighting. So they created posters to encourage self-ration one's food, discourage waste, plant war gardens to have enough food (putting food in jars) Posters were made to urge citizens to english and support the war It included giving money as war is expensive and there were no taxes originally. So Canada made victory bonds that were bought to help the war. Companies usually bought these and got the money back with interest. Taxes were also implemented (business profit tax and income tax) American propaganda was more dramatic

Answer 66

After arriving in Europe, Canadian soldiers were sent to help French and British troops near Ypres, Belgium In April 1915, the Germans introduced a deadly weapon: chlorine gas ← it burned eyes, and lungs to make people choke, gag and suffocate to death When the French front line at Ypres was hit with the gas, Canadian troops moved in as reinforcements. Germans pushed the Canadians back but the line held The German advance was stopped but the Canadians suffered more than 6000 casualties, Both sides had gas attacks and both sides were equipped with gas masks. This method wasn't as effective because it dispersed and if the wind changed the gas would backfire and harm troops who released the gas attack.

Answer 67

In early 1917, Haig ordered Allied troops to try to break through the German lines near Ypres, Belgium. ← became known as the Third Battles of Ypres. The Battle of Passchendaele was part of this larger battle The Germans held the line at Ypres since 1914 and British, Australian, and New Zealand forces tried to attack with little success. Canadian forces remained under Arther Currie, lieutenant general, and Haig ordered Currie and Canadians to take Passchendaele Ridge. He feared a big loss but planned well. Scouts had to locate the German machine gun and artillery placements and rehearsal was performed before the battle. A creeping barrage was planned to cover soldiers on no man’s land. On October 26, the artillery barrages that attacked were heard in London, 150 km away. Canadians attacked but were slowed down by mud and rain. It continued for the next 15 days. On November 10, the Canadians captured the ridge, but about 16000 soldiers were dead/wounded. Despite the victory, the Third Battle of Ypres resulted in little significant gain and massive casualties. 31000 allies and 260000 Germans casualties Passchendaele has come to symbolize the futility of WWI

Answer 68

rench and British troops failed to capture Vimy Ridge, a strong German position ← it was on a hill so Germans had the advantage So, the assignment was given to Canadians to capture it ← this will be the first time only Canadians are fighting together Tunnellers, engineers and railway troops were led by Currie The plan had soldiers going underground where many wires were placed with telephone cables. Models were builts to make sure troops knew what was going on Soldiers advance in lines with a barrage of bombs protecting them as they moved TATIC: Creeping barrage where the guns continued to fire as the Canadins left the trenches. ← allowed enemy soldiers to stay in their trenches This attack occurred during a snowstorm allowing minimal visibility for Germans. In 2 days, German forces retreated from the ridge SIGNIFICANCE: The Canadian forces had taken more guns, ground and prisoners than any previous British attack They won 4 Victoria crosses and a new identity was forged It gave new hope to the allies and gave a better image to the canadian force A turning point in canadian history

Answer 69

The anti-submarine campaign had won control of the seas The British blockade of Germany was slowly starving that country of food and supplies needed for war Having US enter war, the Allies had a powerful member Canadian forces participated in the Hundred Days that broke the back of the German military effort August 8, 1918, Canadian forces with tanks and aircraft smashed German lines. Germans call this day as “the black day of the German army” For 6 weeks, Canadains served as the leaders of the Allied advance, it was to be the last great offensive of the war. They seized many prisoners, machine guns but lots of casualties occurred. On November 11, 1918 war ended but fighting continued till the minute opposing sides made a truce

Answer 70

Another advantage was that Canada and other Allied countries were sending pilots, radar personnel, replacement aircraft, and other supplies as quickly as possible. More than 100 Canadian pilots flew in fighter operations during the Battle of Britain, and 200 more flew bombing raids. Even more served as ground crew.

Answer 71

For the first half of the voyage from Canada, the convoys were protected by Canadian ships and planes. In midAtlantic, British forces took over escort duties. The United States was officially neutral at this point, but they were loaning Britain money and supplies. German UBoats patrolled the Atlantic against the British blockade of Europe and in an effort to stop supplies from America from ever reaching Britain. U Boats operated in groups of 10 called "wolf packs." The German navy carried out submarine warfare to cut off Britain's imports and military supplies. In the beginning, the Uboats had the upper hand. In July 1942, for example, Uboats sank 143 Allied cargo ships. In mid 1943, the tide began to turn in favour of the Allies. Crews were better trained and more experienced, and submarine tracking tactics and technology improved. The navy and air force had also grown and were able to protect more convoys more effectively. In 1939, the Canadian navy consisted of 13 ships and 13 000 members. By the war's end, Canada boasted the fourth largest navy in the world, with 375 ships and 110 000 members.

Answer 72

A few hrs. After Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded Hong Kong, a British colony. Every Canadian soldier there was killed or taken prisoner. The battle was considered a "death trap”: 1. More than 50 000 Japanese soldiers were stationed 50 km from Hong Kong 2. The Japanese were well equipped and experienced 3. Plans for the Japanese attack had been drafted 1 yr. earlier-code name was HanaSaku —"flowers in bloom” 4. Canadian troops were insufficiently trained 30% of them had not even fired a gun 5. Can & Br. troops did not total more than 14 000, including nurses and civilian volunteers. On Dec. 8, 1941, Japan launched its attack on Hong Kong. Their air force destroyed docks, military barracks, airplanes etc. Dec. 19, 1941 Japanese soldiers attacked. Canadians were outnumbered 10 to 1. By Christmas 1941, Hong Kong surrendered after only 17 days. 286 Canadians died and another 266 would die in Prisoner of War (P.O.W.) camps. Canadian Prisoners of the Japanese Canadian prisoners were brutalized and starved. They stayed in crowded barracks and were used as slave labour, building landing strips and shipyards, etc. Served a single serving of plain rice 3 times a day. Many fell ill from exhaustion, malnutrition, pneumonia, or cholera. Red Cross medicine was sent to the camps but was stolen and sold on the black market. Death rates in Japanese P.O.W. camps were 6 times higher than in German camps.

Answer 73

The Canadian government drew up a war plan. It included what was most important to Canadians and areas where Canada could make the greatest contribution to the Allied war effort. It included: The defence and security of Canada the production of food supplies for Britain the production of weapons and ammunition for Allied forces the training of Allied pilots development of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) development of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) development of the Canadian Army development of the Merchant Marine to transport troops and war materials.

Answer 74

Under C.D. Howe, the minister of Munitions and Supply, war products poured from Canadian factories One Thousand ships, 15 000 aircraft, 700 000 trucks, countless guns, bombs, and bullets were produced.

Answer 75

At the Outset of the war, King created the Wartime Prices and Trade Board in an effort to control the economy. In order to prevent profiteering the Board limited prices to "cost plus 10%". Even with these controls, the government paid close to 65 million dollars a week for war supplies. The federal government borrowed heavily by selling Victory Bonds. By buying bonds Canadians helped to finance the war. People's wages were also frozen. After the depression people needed a break, so wages were allowed to rise for the first year of the war, but were frozen in October 1941 and allowed only modest increases.

Answer 76

In 1942, all Canadians received a ration book. When they bought sugar, butter, meat, tea or coffee, they had to hand over coupons from their book. When their coupons ran out they couldn't buy any rationed items except on the black market. If they were caught buying in the black market there were stiff fines. Gas was rationed. Canadians could fill up once a month. Anything Canadians could spare went to the war effort. The butter and cheese they didn't eat went to Britain, where rationing was much more severe. The steel that had once made washing machines, now made bombers. Even the 5 cent nickel changed, it was made of zinc instead, nickel was needed for armour coating on tanks. Families kept Victory gardens and saved metals, rags, papers, rubber, and glass. Bacon fat and bones were saved for explosives. Local clubs canvassed door to door to get donations.

Answer 77

Children collected paper, metal, rags, rubber and bones. They saved string and the foil from cigarette and candy wrappers. Contests were held to see who could make the biggest ball of aluminum foil. All of these items could be recycled into war materials. Students knitted during lunch hour, making socks, and scarves for soldiers. They wrote letters to lonely prisoners of war. Children planted Victory gardens in school baseball diamonds to produce food for the war. Teenagers were let off school to help bring in the harvest. Volunteers and the spirit of unity Canadians volunteered to be air raid wardens. They patrolled the coasts to guard against an invasion that never came. They studied aircraft to serve as "spotters" in a bombing raid. They build public air raid shelters. Wealthy Canadians worked for the government for a dollar a year. The war drew Canadians together in a spirit of unity.

Answer 78

Citizens, the military and the government were all concerned that sensitive information might fall into enemy hands. So the military censored letters to and from the front. Telegrams sent by war reporters were also censored. And the media, including newspapers, radio broadcasts, and movies were all screened by government officials and by media companies themselves. Nothing was communicated that was not approved by the censorship board.

Answer 79

Wartime information campaigns primarily attempted to convince Canadians that the war was necessary. A common approach was to appeal to people's emotions. In propaganda, the crucial goal was not truth but persuasion. Without people's support, the war effort could fail.

Answer 80

Canadian women were eager to defend their country. Initially, Canadian leaders saw little room for women in the war effort. As more and more men left for the battlefront, through, the roles women could play became more obvious Industrial strength was the key to success in the war, and Canada had vast resources. Canadian women turned raw materials into tanks, planes, and ships. Over one million women were working in the Canadian industry in 1943. Daycare centres were set up in many plants. Productions rose as workers donated free time to produce another tank or bomber. Men were often outnumbered. They sometimes had to endure female wolf whistles, just as women previously had endured male taunts. In rural Canada, women took over the farming jobs vacated by men who went overseas. The food supply at home and abroad had to be maintained. Women handled the added responsibilities to assist in the overall war effort. Women volunteered to visit wounded soldiers. They sent packages to prisoners of war. They made dressings for the wounded. The family garbage shrank as housewives saved paper, scraps, fat, and bones for recycling.

Answer 81

Antwerp, in Belgium had been liberated in early September, but this key supply point on the Scheldt river was inland from the coast, and the Germans still controlled the mouth of the river, near the border between Belgium and the Netherlands. The First Canadian army was given the difficult task of clearing them out. The battle involved bitter fighting that finally ended in a Canadian victory in late November 1944. This victory cleared the way for the final Allied advance into Germany. Liberation of the Netherlands On February 8, 1945, 175 000 Canadians, the largest Canadian assault force in history, joined the Rhine offensive. The Canadian forces successfully drove the Germans out of the Netherlands and chased them into northern Germany. As they liberated the Dutch towns, the Canadians discovered people on the verge of starvation. As Canadian forces freed the Netherlands and marched into Northern Germany, the other Allies converged on Berlin. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 as Soviet Forces entered the city. Things moved quickly over the next few days. On May 5, a ceasefire was declared. On May 7, the German forces surrendered unconditionally, Allied leaders declared May 8 VE Day, Victory in Europe Day. The War in Europe was over.

Answer 82

Canada had a restrictive immigration policy, but C.D. Howe who became Canada's minister of reconstruction recognized the demand for labour in Canada's growing manufacturing industry. The government had brought in a new Immigration Act, and between 1947 and 1953, more than 186 000 European refugees came to Canada

Answer 83

The Canadian government wanted to help returning soldiers adjust to post war life. Soldiers received funds on their return, as well as any savings from Victory Bonds they might have purchased. The government provided rehabilitation programs for the wounded. It also offered free tuition for college or university, as well as technical and business training. And loans were made available for veterans wanting to buy a farm or start a business. Women however were encouraged to leave their jobs so that men could have them. Women without the support of a husband were often placed in a difficult financial position

Answer 84

International tensions ran high as the UN desperately looked for a solution. At the time, a future Canadian prime minister, Lester B. Pearson, was secretary of State for External Affairs. After persistent and endless rounds of lobbying, Pearson persuaded the UN General Assembly to organize the worlds first international peacekeeping mission. The UN ordered all foreign troops out of Egypt. Then it sent in the first UN peacekeeping force to keep the warring sides apart and maintain peace in the region while the sides negotiated a solution. Lester B. Pearson would receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in the Suez Crisis.

Answer 85

When Canada’s economy boosted after making weapons, children and women were given opportunities to work in factories as there were no men to do this as they were fighting They worked in factories, same jobs as men, with little pay. They were not respected and working conditions were very dangerous When the men came back, the women were expected to return back to wife chores but they didn't want that Women couldn't fight but they could become nurses VOTING: some women could vote in municipal elections, not federal In 1917, they got the right to vote PM Borden supported conscription and gave women the right to vote against or for conscription to only specific women He believed that women who have relatives fighting in the war will vote for conscription as they want more men helping their relatives. He attracted many women and children for this reason to make them vote for conscription. WARTIME ELECTIONS ACT: took away votes from people who immigrated to Canada as they may vote against conscription Only gave vote to women with relatives in war

Answer 86

Soldiers found it hard to return back to civilian life Women had to give up their factory jobs for veterans Economy shrank as weapon companies closed down in Canada Few jobs were available and inflation occurs making housing expensive

Answer 87

Women were behind the movement to ban alcohol Alcohol was blamed for many social problems like crime, family violence, and poverty So this caused the creation of temperance societies that believed if people stopped spending money on alcohol, then families would be able to improve their lives. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union campaign was created for a total prohibition of alcohol Leaders of this union: Nellie McClung and Louise McKinney → part of Famous Five

Answer 88

Women wore dresses or skirts higher than normal to rebel against the societal norms Every women wore some sort of decorative piece on their heads The Flapper Dress This iconic look was popularized by the rebels of the time, who were eager to break with convention and have some fun. The signature style features a loose, knee-length hemline with fringe details and beading. The flapper dress was one of the most iconic looks of the Great Gatsby era. Trends: more casual and relaxed. Women often wore knee length tubular day dresses

Answer 89

Wanted to reform society to fight for rights like voting, job opportunities and improve labor laws and health care Before WWI, jobs to women were low-paying and little advancement Women were expected to end their career once they got married because the husbands would instead make the money Married women with families would work as domestic servants or in sweatshops Medicine, law and engineering were closed to women By 1919, only 11 ontario women managed to become lawyers First female engineer was Elsie MacGill who couldn’t graduate for a long time National Council of Women of Canada: earliest Canadian women’s organization that was founded to focus on improving public health and lives of female factory workers, immigrants and prisoners. Advocated for vote for women like Nellie McClung

Answer 90

Women campaigned for suffrage, essentially the right to vote, which had a major significance on women’s ability to enter medical schools, earn degrees, or vote. Their battle for the right to vote showed the world their desire to be involved and this led to allowing some women like widows and women who owned property to vote in municipal elections. Ontario was the first province to do this This led to being allowed to vote more in provincial elections. Their battle for suffrage convinced Borden to extend the suffrage and allow women to run for Parliament. This allowed the first woman to be the first member of parliament as people wanted her to represent the people. Her presence in the House of Commons (like a kindergarten class with no teacher) came with struggles but showed that social change would happen, making the second woman member of parliament happen. The women's suffrage movement made the question of women's voting rights an important political issue in the 19th century. Under leadership of Emily Stowe ← first woman to practice medicine in Canada Women also wanted to run for public office and be in the Senate to serve as judges Agnes Macphail ← first woman member of parliament to be elected at 1921 Encountered resistance Remained only woman till 1935 when martha Black was elected

Answer 91

Emily Murphy became Judge of the Juvenile court Became first female judge in the British Empire Males refused her judgments but Alberta courts ruled that she was qualified Women wanted her to be a candidate for Senate but PM Borden refused as he said Murphy wasn’t a qualified person British North America Act of 1867 (Canada’s Constitution at the time) said that only qualified persons can be senators but it didn't specify what person included Courts relied on old British definition “women are persons in matters of pains and penalties, but are not persons in matters of rights and privileges” So Borden refused to let a female be in the Senate Emily worked with so many groups of people like poor, indigenous, women She teamed up with Nellie McClung, Lousie McKinney, Irene Parlby and Henrietta Muir Edwards → Famous Five or Alberta Five Alberta Five Fought law in court by first going to Supreme court that ruled women were not persons because of the current social conditions then Then they went to the final court of the British Empire, Judicial Privy Council in England where they said women were persons. They said that the exclusion of women from all public offices is a relic of days more barbarous than ours. And to those who would ask why the word persons should include females, the obvious answer is, why should it not? PM King at the time, chose Cairine Wilson to Senate first before Murphy as he wanted to avoid her as she had ties to the Conservative party

Answer 92

Women: when they sought well paying jobs, people didn't like it as men needed the jobs more So they accepted lower wages and found jobs men couldn't Everyday that wives, sisters and mothers went to work their husbands, brothers and sons lost more self-respect and confidence Those with jobs wanted to keep them Textile mills took advantage of cheap labor, and adult workers were replaced by young girls who would do the job for half of what men earned They were so desperate for a job that they had to accept the horrible pay and conditions

Answer 93

Canadian women were eager to defend their country. Initially, Canadian leaders saw little room for women in the war effort. As more and more men left for the battlefront, through, the roles women could play became more obvious Industrial strength was the key to success in the war, and Canada had vast resources. Canadian women turned raw materials into tanks, planes, and ships. Over one million women were working in the Canadian industry in 1943. Daycare centres were set up in many plants. Productions rose as workers donated free time to produce another tank or bomber. Men were often outnumbered. They sometimes had to endure female wolf whistles, just as women previously had endured male taunts. In rural Canada, women took over the farming jobs vacated by men who went overseas. The food supply at home and abroad had to be maintained. Women handled the added responsibilities to assist in the overall war effort. Women volunteered to visit wounded soldiers. They sent packages to prisoners of war. They made dressings for the wounded. The family garbage shrank as housewives saved paper, scraps, fat, and bones for recycling.

Answer 94

Society had initially wanted to keep women out of the factories. Now it was determined to keep them out of the armed forces. When women couldn't register with the armed forces, they set up their own volunteer units such as the CATS (Canadian Auxiliary Territorial Service), which provided technical and first aid training to women. By 1941, the armed forces were in desperate need of recruits. Women were finally allowed to enlist. Eventually, Canada had 45 000 service women. They served in a wide variety of non combat roles, such as radar operators, truck and ambulance drivers, nurses, secretaries, and mechanics. Some of these women often found themselves in the heat of battle. They were bombed, shelled, and torpedoed. Some were made prisoners of war.

Answer 95

During the war, women succeeded in a society dominated by men. Initially, many men had doubted their worth. Now, women have gained freedom and self- respect. They knew the satisfaction of earning their own money. They also knew the unfairness of getting less pay than a man for doing the same work. As a result of their work, pants became fashionable. After the war, many women returned to more traditional roles. For the young couples who had postponed marriage and babies during the war, peace meant that it was time to start a family. It was not until the 1960s and the 1970s that women returned to the gains they had made during wartime. After War: Women however were encouraged to leave their jobs so that men could have them. Women without the support of a husband were often placed in a difficult financial position.

Answer 96

Under Prime Minister Pearson, a Royal Commission analyzed the status of women and Canada and came up with 167 recommendations to improve women's rights, some of those recommendations included: providing daycare services for women who work outside the home prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender or marital status paying unemployment benefits to working women on maternity leave establishing wages based on skills and responsibilities rather than gender. Trudeau created a cabinet portfolio for the Status of Women in 1971. In 1973, he established the Advisory Council on the Status of Women to monitor the progress in implementing the report's recommendations.

Answer 97

Automatic products and electrical things Automobile: top consumer item, buying it was made easier with mass production plants intro More plants in Canada than in the U.S. Could buy a Chevrolet or Pontiac Large percentage owned cars, increased by 300% over 10 years Only the rich could travel but in the 1920s everyone could With assembly lines, products could be made more quickly and for less money Changed manufacturing process and cars could be made more cheaply Prices dropped = more people can afford More cars meant gov had to invest in infrastructure More use of electrical power made Canadian industries move from coal to power factories → made the development of large hydroelectric power stations

Answer 98

Advanced quickly during and after WWI Believed that it could be used for civilian uses Commercial airline industry which carried passengers and mail over long distances evolved Airports and runways were built Fuel supply were set up and regular flights began, slowly expanded Bush pilots: 1920-1930 were WWI veterans that flew small aircraft to isolated areas

Answer 99

Highways were passed under the Canada Highways Act These better roads made Canadians more mobile so people bought cars meaning more roads By end of 1920, almost 2 million Canadains were on the roads Increase in car ownership supported expansion of cities and development of suburbs → continued during the years

Answer 100

Alexander graham Bell made the first telephone call were established in Canada First trans-Canada call made from Montreal to Vancouver Telephones came in two pieces, earpiece and speaking piece They called an operator, a woman, to connect them to the person they want to call Phones were expensive → only for wealthy people But over time, it became more cheaper Dial phone introduced in 1924 One-piece handset in 1927 Coast to coast service overall Canadiens lines in 1932

Answer 101

Made world seem smaller Inexpensive Ended isolation and brought families together to listen to latest news, sports, music or drama, or soap operas, crime stories, mysteries, comedies where they actually acted on microphone to tell stories First radios: had a small piece of quartz crystal where a thin wire went over the crystal to locate stations. Edward Rogers revolutionized the radio industry by inventing the world’s first AC radio tube. → allowed radios to be powered by household electricity rather than batteries which were expensive Some Candains radio station existed but most were produced from U.S. transmitters PM King wanted Canadian content to be protected so it was recommended that there was a coast to coast radio system → The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CBC today)

Answer 102

He built his own wind tunnel, 1902→ first in Canada He used an electric motor that was attached to the ceiling of the barn to inspect how the propellers work He studied the aerodynamics of propellers and created a railway track to study it He tested his invention for the Royal Air Force and also it was interested in the armed services and government Thousands are planes using his propeller were created for WW1 Allowed planes to fly in different gears and carry larger loads More efficient engine

Answer 103

His invention changed the winter lives of people who had to live in cold climates It transformed impassable ways into smooth roadways in which snowmobiles could pass through safely and easily His first snowmachine had the worry not about if it worked but that no one would be chewed to bits as no protection was provided He was a mechanic who studied electrical engineering and mechanics His inspiration for developing his first snow car was out of personal tragedy where he lost his two-year-old son because his machines couldn’t drive that love journey of 50 km This inspired him to improve his design He designed rubber and cotton tracks One of his great inventions that improved his design was the tooth-wheel sprocket covered in rubber instead of tries Originally prototype had skis and propeller

Answer 104

He became known for his espionage work during WWII after his death Because he was fascinated with engines and airplanes, he built his own telegram machine and could communicate with ships hundreds of km away He increased his efforts to find a way to transmit photos over the air As he worked with many companies in England, they modified the 1884 Nipkow machine and produced an instrument that could convert light into electrical currents Because of this, The London Daily was given the honor of publishing the first wire photo This invention changed the appearance of journalism Picture sent by telegram would print upon receiving

Answer 105

He had knowledge on engineering and experimentation He was one of the first Canadians to pick up the declaration of war in Europe on the radio that he built He made Canadian broadcasting history when he became the first amateur to transmit a signal across the Atlantic to Ardrossan, Scotland Back in the day, to listen to the radio you had to wear heavy headsets attached to a crystal set that was expensive His goal was to find a way to tap into household electrical current Others believed the “hum Alternating current would drown the broadcast, but after research, he developed the 15S alternating current simple rectifier tube. This AC tube allowed radios to run off 110-volt house electricity sockets instead of large batteries that needed constant recharging that was expensive He solved the problem of the hum by electromagnetically and electrically shielding the input and output circuits of the tube from the heater. He produced the first battery-less station in the world, Canada's First Rogers Batteryless Broadcasting Station. A/C radio Could plug into wall which was more convenient as they could listen to the radio 24/7 or as much as they want

Answer 106

In 1939, a GermanJewish scientist named Albert Einstein warned the United States that Germany was developing a bomb capable of mass destruction. In response, President Roosevelt formed the Manhattan Project a group of American, Canadian and other Allied scientists in a top secret race to produce the world's first atomic bomb. In July 1945, the atomic age was born when the Americans successfully tested the first weapon of mass destruction in the New Mexico Desert. A direct invasion of Japan could cost as many as a million Allied soldiers' lives. As a result, new President Harry Truman (who became President after the Death of Roosevelt) decided to use the atomic bomb to force Japan's surrender.

Answer 107

AVRO Arrow In 1953, the Canadian government agreed to pay for the development of a new aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force. The requirements were tough, only the best technology in the world would be used. Canadian company A.V. Roe Canada, would design and build a new, allweather, supersonic jet interceptor, the Arrow, or CF105 On October 4, 1957, a huge crowd gathered at Malton, Ontario for the presentation of the Arrow to the public and press. The Jet was a remarkable achievement, but various reasons would lead to its demise. The cost of the project continued to climb and few countries were interested in buying it for their air forces. Also, its future effectiveness was called into question. Once the Soviets launched Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite into orbit, many western scientists believed that the same technology would be used to lead unmanned ballistic missiles, which the Arrow was not designed to stop. Cancelation As costs began spiraling out of control, on February 20, 1959, Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker cancelled the program and ordered all prototypes, tech drawings, models and photographs to be destroyed. More than 15 000 A.V.Roe employees would lose their jobs and the company was ruined. Diefenbaker decided to replace the Arrow with American Bomarc antiaircraft missiles. These missiles were only effective when they carried nuclear warheads. But Diefenbaker refused to store any warheads on Canadian soil. Therefore the missiles were useless and this program was also cancelled within 2 years. The Canadian Air Force, did however need planes and Diefenbaker eventually settled for used Voodoo figher jets bought from the U.S. By this time many of A.V. Roe's highly skilled employees had left the country, and what could have been a prosperous Canadian aerospace industry never reached its potential.

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