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ANSC315 EXAM 2 > EXAM REVIEW > Flashcards

EXAM REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

Feeding racks or enclosures around large round bales are used to minimize _____________ losses associated with use of hay as a forage.

A

Feeding

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2
Q

The most important chemical component that affects forage intake is its _______ content.

A

NDF

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3
Q

Preservation of forages silages involves the use of ________ fermentation to produce ________ acid which inhibits mold growth and stabilizes the silage.

A
  • Anaerobic

- lactic

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4
Q

The minerals, ________, ________, and __________ serve as osmoregulators such that animals fed diets which are deficient in these minerals will show deficiency symptoms very quickly.

A

Sodium

Potassium

Chloride

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5
Q

Ruminants have requirements for the dietary minerals _______ and ________ which are not required in other animal species.

A

Sulfur

cobalt

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6
Q

In general, salt forms of trace mineral supplements are more available than ______ or ________ forms

A

oxide

carbonate

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7
Q

Antibiotic resistance that may occur through the use of feed antibiotics can occur by the processes referred to as _______ and ________ between bacteria that inhabit the GI tract.

A

conjugation

transduction

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8
Q

Feed ingredients such as sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, and potassium carbonate are examples of rumen ______

A

buffers

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9
Q

two distinct differences between dog and cat pet food diets are that cats have a higher ______ concentration and cats have a lower tolerance for dietary ________ than dogs.

A

fat

carbohydrates

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10
Q

Extrusion plays a key role in enhancing digestibility of _______ in pet food diets

A

starch

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11
Q

In addition to linoleic acid, cats also require the fatty acid _________ in their diets.

A

Linolenic acid

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12
Q

Horses spend _____ time grazing than cattle and sheep. This is because they lack large food storage organs such as the _____ present in cattle and sheep

A

more

rumen

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13
Q

Since immunoglobins are not transferred across the placenta in horses and cattle, early nursing (or feeding) of ________ is essential for disease resistance in foals and calves

A

colostrum

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14
Q

Sweet feeds are frequently used in horse diets due to their high molasses content which increases the _______ of the diet while reducing feed _______

A

palatability

dustiness

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15
Q

In situations where additional cereal grain supplementation in horse diets is considered risky, ____ supplementation has been used to successfully increase the energy density of horse diets

A

fat

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16
Q

________ of waste milk fed to dairy calves is being used as a means to prevent disease transmission

A

pasteurization

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17
Q

______ replacement dairy heifers prior to puberty results in reduced mammary development and subsequent milk production when animals enter the milking herd

A

overfeeding

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18
Q

supplementation of the trace mineral________ in conjunction with vitamin ______ has been shown to be effective in preventing retained placenta in dairy cows

A

Selenium

E

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19
Q

Ketosis and displaced abomasum are examples of _______ diseases assocated with the transition period in diary cows

A

metabolic

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20
Q

In herds of dairy cows that are milked with a milking robot cows are motivated to use the milking robot by being rewarded with _________

A

grain or concentrates

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21
Q

Risk factors associated with low milk fat in dairy cows includes high concentrations of _________ in the diets and low ________ associated with high grain low forage diets

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

rumen pH

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22
Q

the two most predominant feeds used in poultry production are _____ and _______

A

corn

soybean meal

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23
Q

During the week after hatching, the baby chick transitions from a diet where fat in the egg yolk is the principle energy source to one where ________ is the primary energy source.

A

Carbohydrates

starch

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24
Q

Grit is not used in poultry diets today since cereal grains and other feed aare fed in a ______, ______ form that does not require further feed processing in the intestinal tract to maximize digestion

A

mash, ground

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25
Q

Caused by sudden excessive addition of highly fermentable carbohydrates to horses (also cattle) diets which results in lactic acid production in the cecum (rumen) and causes inflammation of the growth lamina in the hoof. The acute phase involves fever, extreme pain in walking and the long-term effects are excessive and abnormal hoof growth.

A

Laminitis (founder)

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26
Q

Index of forage quality based on estimates of both digestibility and intake potential of a forage. Used to compare feeding values of different forages.

A

Relative Feed Value (RFV)

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27
Q

grazing system which involves the uses of multiple paddocks which are rotated and where animals graze for 24-48 hours with the objective of maintaining forages in a vegetative state to maximize animal performance

A

Managed intensive rotational grazing (MIRG)

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28
Q

feeding practice used in horses whereby foals that are still nursing are allowed access to feed which the mare cannot reach. It is used to stimulate dry feed consumption and increase growth rates.

A

Creep feeding

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29
Q

enzyme added to poultry and swine diets to improve the Phosphorus availability from plant sources thereby reducing the need for inorganic supplements of P in the diet

A

phytase

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30
Q

grazing system that utilizes native forage species that are not managed. Animals have continual access to all pasture at all times.

A

Range

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31
Q

Any feed ingredient that is not a hay, silage, pasture (fresh forage), energy feed, protein feed, vitamin supplement, or mineral supplement

A

feed additive

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32
Q

Hypocalcemia which occurs at calving in dairy cows due to the sudden demand for calcium for milk production. Prevented by feeding low calcium diets prepartum or the use of anionic diets prepartum to stimulate the cow’s calcium absorption and bone mobilization mechanisms prior to calving

A

Milk fever (parturient paresis)

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33
Q

subjective system of numerically rating an animal’s tissue energy stores based on their appearance. Used in a wide variety of animal species including cats and dogs, dairy and beef cattle, goats, horses, and other domesticated animals species.

A

Body Condition Score (BCS)

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34
Q

the term that describes a complex of bone disorders including osteochondrosis, physitis, contracted tendons, cervical vertebral malformation (wobbles and other disorders) which occurs in horses

A

Developmental Orthopedic Disease (DOD)

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35
Q

List 4 general factors that would affect the nutritive content of forages

A
  • Stage of maturity
  • harvest method
  • storage method
  • forage species
  • part consumed
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36
Q

Give one specific example (species) of each of the following forage categories.

A

Legume
Alfalfa, white clover, etc.

perennial cool season grass
orchard grass, rye grass, timothy, blue grass, etc.

Perennial warm season grass
bermuda grass, blueste, switch grass, etc.

Annual warm season grass
corn, sorghum, pearl millet, sudan grass, etc.

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37
Q

List two advantages of using legumes as compared to grasses as forages

A

Lower NDF

Higher intake

higher protein

higher yield

don’t need nitrogen fertilization

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38
Q

List two disadvantages of using legumes as compared to grasses as forages.

A
  • higher lignin
  • don’t graze well (lodging)
  • greater risk of bloat
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39
Q

What other advantages might there be in utilizing this system as compared to field cured dry hay?

A

Reduce feeding losses and increased mechanization of feeding and harvest

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40
Q

Beef cattle grazing lush green pastures are unlikely to be deficient in any of the fat soluble vitamins. For each fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), very briefly explain why.

A

A- beta carotene precursor in forage

D- sunlight exposure, synthesis in skin from ergosterol

E- natural occurring tocopherols in forage

K- synthesis in the gut

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41
Q

In the year 2000, Denmark implemented a law that banned the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics for growth promotion in farm livestock.

What is the reason for this ban?

A

concern over antibiotic resistance in human disease and also antibiotic residues in animal products used for foods

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42
Q

In the year 2000, Denmark implemented a law that banned the use of non-therapeutic antibiotics for growth promotion in farm livestock.

What has been the effect of this ban on the usage rate of antibiotics for non-therapeutics and therapeutic uses in farm animals

A

non-therapeutic use eliminated, marked increase in therapeutic use

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43
Q

List 4 factors that the NRC committee considered as important in affecting the maintenance requirements of dogs.

A

Breed

Activity

Kennel vs. pet

Age

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44
Q

The label for WufWuf dog food reads as follows: “animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures substantiates that “WufWuf” provides complete and balanced nutrition for adult maintenance” In plain English, what does that statement mean? What types of dog is WufWuf adequate for? Inadequate for?

A

WufWuf’s adequacy was demonstrated using AAFCO feeding tests.

Adequate for adult dogs at maintenance

inadequate for growth/reproduction

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45
Q

What is hip dysplasia?

A

Hip dysplasia- hip ball and socket not tightly held (caput is not held deeply and tightly by acetabulum. Caput and/or acetabulum are misshapened and not smooth (does not need to be this technical)

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46
Q

What factors are associated with increased risk of hip dysplasia in dogs

A
  • most common in medium- large pure bred dogs

excessive weight exacerbates symptoms

excessive energy (growth Rate) in early life

possibly high Calcium diets

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47
Q

Incidence rate of Type II (adult onset) diabetes in cats is increasing and Type II diabetes accounts for 80%-95% of all diabetes in cats. List 3 risk factors associated with type II diabetes in cats.

A
  • Age
  • Obesity
  • Breed (burmese)
  • sex (males higher than females)
  • diet (high CHO diets)
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48
Q

List of three factors that you would use in selection of hays for horses

A

mold free

dust free

forage species

stage of maturity

etc

49
Q

What nutritional strategies would you use to ensure proper electrolyte and water balance in horses subjected to intensive exercise during warm weather.

A

Adequate salt in the diet

feeding feeds with high soluble fiber (beet pulp, wheat bran) which holds water in the gut

access to water at all times

less forage

more grain

50
Q

Rank the following feed ingredients in terms of promoting rumen development in diary calves prior to weaning

milk or milk replacer
calf starter (grain)
alfalfa hay

A
  1. Calf starter (grain)

2, Alfalfa hay

  1. milk or milk replacer
51
Q

List 3 risk factors associated with the incidence of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle,

A

Parturition (loss of body fill, the calf)

low forage diets (inadequate rumen fill)

sudden changes in diet

other metabolic diseases: milk fever, retained placenta, ketosis, overconditioned at calving

52
Q

list 3 advantages of feeding a total mixed ration to dairy cows

A

use of bulk commodities- huge price advantage

each bite is balanced

more stable rumen conditions

mechanical feeding

group feeding by production

53
Q

list 1 disadvantages of feeding a total mixed ration to diary cows

A

feeding long hay is difficult

can’t feed individual cows by production

54
Q

There is no absolute fiber requirement for the dairy cow yet fiber (forage) is required in the diet to maintain cow health and normal concentration of fat in the milk. Briefly explain the inter-relationship between fiber, cow health, and milk fat concentration

A

fiber stimulates cud chewing (rumination) and saliva production which contains buffers which neutralize acids (VFA) produced during rumen fermentation. Rumination is a function of the fiber concentration and particle size of the forage. Too much acid can result in founder, subacute rumen acidosis and other maladies. This can lead to milk fat depression from changes in rumen biohydrogenation. Also metabolic diseases such as displaced abomasum are associated with low forage (fiber) diets

55
Q

Sexing of birds to enable separate feeding of hens versus gobblers is already practiced in turkey production and is being considered in broiler production as a means to improve the efficiency of the production system. What advantages would there be to feeding the different sexes separately.

A

Sexes grow at different rates and have different feed requirements, provide more uniform bird in the slaughter facility

56
Q

What is the common name for chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) observed in horses that is frequently associated with inadequate ventilation and use of dusty hay and/or bedding in horse stables?

A

Heaves

57
Q

What is the factor in feeds going from corn to brewers dried grains that is most responsible for the more rapid decline in digestibility in poultry diets as compared to swine diets? This factor also dramatically reduces feed intake in poultry. Why is this not as large of a problem in swine?

A

Fiber; swine have a large GI tract including cecum which can accommodate (and digest) more fiber than poultry. Birds are not tolerant of high fiber feeds.

58
Q

vitamin E supplements are usually considered as the (least stable, intermediate in stability, most stable) of the fat soluble vitamins.

A

most stable

59
Q

Trace mineralized salt is distinguished from white salt by its red color caused by the addition of ________

A

iron oxide

60
Q

the availability of a trace mineral source is frequently related to its water ________

A

solubility

61
Q

ionophore antibiotics such as monensin and laslocid are examples of ________ which are fed to alter rumen fermenation and enhance feed efficiency

A

rumen additives

62
Q

Marigold petals which are rich in ________ have been used as coloring agents in the poultry industry to enhance skin color of processed birds in the supermarket meat case

A

xanthophylls

63
Q

the growth promoting effects of non-therapeutic antimicrobials are most pronounced when fed to (younger, older) animals in animal facilities with (poor, good) hygiene.

A

Younger

poor

64
Q

the biggest concern with the use of antibiotics in feeds is due to their potential to increase transfer of antibiotic ______ from E. coli that inhabit the gastrointestinal track to pathogenic bacteria that cause human diseases

A

resistance

65
Q

in general, adult cats have (smaller, the same, larger) ME requirements for maintenance (kcal/kg BW^0.75) than dogs.

A

smaller

66
Q

Cats and dogs are both fed significant amounts of carbohydrate from cereal grains such as _____ and ______

A

corn

oats

also, wheats, rice, (any two)

67
Q

In general, cats are (more, less, equally) tolerant of carbohydrates than dogs

A

less

68
Q

in order to maximize digestibility of starch in cat or dog diets, some sort of processing using wet heat such as cooking or extrusion is required to ______ the starch.

A

gelatinize

69
Q

Frequently ______fiber is used in pet diets to induce weight loss, maintain stool consistency, or in diabetic cats

A

insoluble

70
Q

in high fat (7-9%) pet food diets fat is added (pre-extrusion, post-extrusion) by spraying it on the diet.

A

post-extrusion

71
Q

both dogs and cats require linolenic acid while dogs can utilize linoleic acid but cats cannot use linolenic acid to make_______

A

arachidonic acid

72
Q

while plant protein sources are used in pet food diets, organ meats are frequently incorporated into cat diets to meet the requirement for the amino acid ______

A

taurine

73
Q

Both dogs and cats have a requirement for the amino acid ______ which is required for synthesis of ornithine in the urea cycle

A

arginine

74
Q

dry pet foods are typically produced by using either____ or_____

A

extrusion

kibbling

75
Q

because of limitations in the ability of the horse to digest starch in the small intestine, _____ is frequently added to performance horse diets to enhance the energy concentration in the diet.

A

fat

76
Q

in general, good quality forages (inadequate, adequate) to meet the energy and protein needs of horse fed for maintenance or moderate exercise

A

adequate

77
Q

other than increased energy requirements, horses that undergo intensive exercise also have increased requirements for _____ and _____

A

water

electrolytes

78
Q

One means to assist in maintaining a pool of readily available water in digestive tract for use during exercise is to feed feedsuffs that are high in pectin (soluble fiber) such as ______

A

beet pulp or wheat bran

79
Q

______ development occurs earlier in life than body weight in both horses and dairy cattle

A

skeletal

80
Q

_____ is the common term for restrictive airway obstruction (RAO) disease in horses associated with feeding dusty feeds or being housed in a dusty environment

A

heaves

81
Q

Prior to weaning, dairy calves should be fed a calf ______ rather than hay as it is more fermentable and effective at stimulating rumen development.

A

starter

82
Q

Overfeeding dairy heifer at the time just prior to puberty has a (negative, no, positive) effect on subsequent milk production when the heifer enters the milk herd

A

negative

83
Q

Excessive body condition at calving is a risk factor for metabolic diseases such as_______

A

retained placenta

milk feaver

parturient paresis

ketosis

displaced abomasum

84
Q

______ and Vitamin ___ status have an impact on incidence of retained placenta in dairy cows at calving

A

Selenium

E

85
Q

While there is no recommended daily allowance for fiber in dairy cows, fiber is required for proper rumen function without which rumen pH is reduced leading to low milk ____ and possibly rumen acidosis

A

fat

86
Q

In broiler production, as the energy concentration of the diet increases, the protein and amino acid content also increases maintaining a constant_______ ratio

A

calorie: protein

87
Q

grit used to be an important part of poultry diets but is no longer needed as most poultry feeds are based on mash or meal type ingredients that do not require further particle size reduction in the ______ of the bird’s digestive tract for maximal digestibility of feeds.

A

gizzard

88
Q

the amino acids _____ and _______ are required for uric synthesis in poultry

A

arginine

serine

glycine

89
Q

The essential fatty acid _____ acid is required, without which there will be poor egg production and impaired testicular development in the reproductive flock in poultry

A

linoleic

90
Q

magnesium deficiency seen in high producing beef and dairy cows fed on lush spring pasture. Causes muscular contractions and eventual death since Mg acts as a muscle relaxant. Reasons for deficiency are low forage magnesium and possible inhibitor of magnesium absorption caused by high potassium and nitrogen in lush forages. Acute treatment includes intravenous infusion of magnesium salts and while it be prevented by supplementation with magnesium oxide

A

Grass tetany

91
Q

microbial cultures added to feed which are used to stimulate the gastrointestinal environment and healthy intestinal development and maintenance. they are used primarily in animals fed under more stressful physiologic conditions

A

probiotics

92
Q

feed additives such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, and magnesium oxide which are added to the feed in ruminant animals to decrease the fluctuation in rumen pH and is used to either prevent rumen acidosis in beef cattle and/or sheep in the feedlot or improve milk fat percent in dairy cows.

A

buffer

93
Q

antibiotics, drugs, and other compounds in feeds used for treatment and/or prevention of a specific disease

A

therapeutic antimicrobials

94
Q

feeding practice used in horses, swine, beef cattle, and sheep where young animals that are still nursing are allowed access to feed which the mother cannot reach. It is used to stimulate dry feed consumption and increase growth rate

A

creep feeding

95
Q

the term describes a complex of bone disorders including osteochonrosis, physitis, contracted tendons, cervical vertebral malformation (wobbles and other disorders) which occurrs in horses

A

Developmental orthopedic Disease (DOD)

96
Q

Subjective system of numerically rating an animal’s tissue energy stores (fat). These scoring systems are used in cats, dogs, beef cattle, dairy cattle, horses, sheep, and swine

A

Body conditioning Score (BCS)

97
Q

abdominal pain due to obstruction of the intestine caused by feed impaction, torsion, parasites, or gas in horses

A

colic

98
Q

caused by sudden excessive addition of highly fermentable carbohydrates to horse (also cattle) diets which results in lactic acid production in the cecum (rumen) and causes inflammation of the grow lamina in the hoof. The acute phaase involves fever, extreme pain in walking and the long-term effects are excessive and abnormal hoof growth

A

Laminitis (founder)

99
Q

First milk secreted by female mammals after parturition. This milk typically contains greater concentrations of fat, protein, and lactose than milk secreted later in lactation. it is also an important source of disease protection as immunoglobulins present are able to be absorbed by newborn during the first 12-24 hours after birth

A

colostrum

100
Q

feed mixed with water and fed to dairy calves prior to weaning in lieu of feeding cow’s milk. Consists of milk byproducts such as whey, casein, fats, etc. Purpose is to save saleable milk for farm income rather than feeding it to calves.

A

Milk replacer

101
Q

nutritional term used in ruminant (dairy) cattle to characterize the strong ion balance in the diet. Most nutritionists use the formula: meq (sodium + potassium- chloride) expressed in meq per 100g or meq per kg of diet. Diets low strong ion balance are used to prevent the metabolic disease milk fever.

A

Dietary cation-anion Difference (DCAD)

102
Q

Feeding system used in dairy cattle feeding where forages and concentrate (grain) is blended together prior to feeding. The purpose is to provide a nutritionally balanced meal with every bite of feed consumed.

A

Total Mixed ration (TMR)

103
Q

Metabolizable energy unit used in poultry. is metabolizable energy corrected for endogenous components secreted in the excreta. Endogenous components include urinary energy (EUE) and metabolic fecal energy (MFE)

A

True Metabolizable Energy (TME)

104
Q

Metabolic disease seen in dairy cattle and sheep (pregnancy toxemia) where mobilization of body fat exceeds the animal’s capacity to oxidize the fatty acids liberated. Symptoms include anorexia, low blood glucose, elevated nonesterified fatty acids and the presence of ketone bodies such as acetone and beta hydroxy butyrate in the blood. Prevention usually involves increasing energy intake of the animal

A

Ketosis

105
Q

You are a beef cow-calf producer that relies primarily on good quality pasture as feed source. What vitamins would you supplement and explain why you would or would not supplement them?

A

None supplemented

1) B-vitamins and Vitamin K produced in rumen
2) grasses have plenty of carotene as precursor for vitamin A and tocopherol for Vitamin E synthesis
3) cattle would use UV light to produce vitamin D in their skin from 7-dehyrocholesterol

106
Q

list 4 factors that could impact potency of vitamin supplements in a feed

A

storage time

processing effects (pelleting, heat treatment)

heat

moisture

light

oxygen

presence of trace minerals

fats

107
Q

Na, K, and Cl are frequently referred to as the strong ions in the diet. What primary function do they serve and why does even short-term (1-2 day) deficiency cause animals to stop drinking and go off feed?

A

Serve as osmo-regulators, are absorbed at 90% or greater with excess excreted in the urine. Critical to maintaining osmotic (electrolyte) and water balance in animal

108
Q

Why is just relying on free choice feeding of minerals not recommended?

A

animals don’t eat requirements and will overeat some and undereat others in a free choice feeder

109
Q

Rank the following mineral sources from best to least in terms of phosphorus availability
bone meal
dicalcium phosphate
soybean meal

A

1) bone meal or dicalcium phosphate
2) same as one
3) soybean meal

110
Q

Modified Atwater factors ________ high energy (fat) diets and over predicted ME in low energy (fat) diets. Raised values for CHO, CP, and fat in high digestibility feeds. Predict digestibility in low digestibility feed based on fiber content. Adjusted energy value downwards based on ____ content

A

underpredicted

nitrogen

111
Q

How would the nature of the diets between a racing sled dog and a working sled dog be different?

A

racing sled dog would have a much higher fat and an increased protein content and reduced CHO content compared to the sled dog

112
Q

List two advantages of feeding dry vs. canned pet food to dogs/cats

A

dry:
more convenient

better for teeth

more economical

wet:
flavorful

long storage

less process

nutrient loss

113
Q

list two disadvantages to feeding dry vs canned food to dogs/cats

A

dry:
processing losses, unnecessary carbs
dilute with fillers
shelf-life issues (freshness)

wet:
purchasing water, 
spoilage of uneaten portion
dentition issues
high protein and fat on DM basis
114
Q

Pet food manufacturers are required to use the “95%, 25%, 3%” rules in stating the use of a particular meat such as chicken on a petfood label. Very briefly, how does this rule work?

A

The rule refers to the proportion of meat that must be included using certain wording, for example a petfood with the label “chicken for cats” must have 95% chicken while “kitty stew with chicken” only needs 3% chicken

115
Q

What metabolic condition in cats would be treated by adjusting the base excess of the diet? What direction is urine pH adjusted (up or down) and what modifications of the diet could be used to modify the base excess.

A

Treating FUS or FLUTD, lower urine pH to dissolve uroliths, decreased dietary Na and K, increased Cl, increased meat (sulfur containing amino acids), add HCl to diet

116
Q

Describe the difference in maintenance energy requirements between horses classified as easy, average, and hard keepers. What factors contribute to this difference?

A

Easy keepers
10% lower energy requirements than average horses

Hard keepers
10% higher energy requirements than average horses

the main factors are temperament and activity level

117
Q

List 4 risk factors that affect incidence of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle

A
  • parturition (loss of body fill, the conceptus)
  • low forage diets (inadequate rumen fill)
  • sudden changes in diet
  • other metaboic diseases: milk fever, retain placenta, ketosis
  • cows that are over-conditioned at calving
118
Q

List two advantages of using a total mixed ration feeding system in feeding dairy cows.

A

Using bulk commodities - huge price advantage

each bite is balanced

  • more stable rumen conditions
  • mechanical feeding
  • group feeding by production
119
Q

list two disadvantages of using a total mixed ration feeding system in feeding dairy cows

A
  • feeding long hay is difficult
  • can’t feed individual cows by production
  • each group needs a separate ration

ANSC315 EXAM 2 (8 decks)

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