Exam Review Flashcards
(61 cards)
Identify the difference between Intermolecular forces and Intramolecular forces, with examples.
Intermolecular forces → Forces between atoms within different molecules.
Examples: Van der Waals, H+ bonding, dipole-dipole
Intramolecular forces → Forces between atoms within the same molecule.
Examples: Covalent, Ionic, Metallic bonding
Recognize and name the 7 properties of water and their influence on the environment and life.
- Universal solvent →
- Water can dissolve most substances because it’s polar - Important so that we are able to transport and break things down in our bodies
- Water can also transport nutrients to ecosystems that wouldn’t have been able to occur if water wasn’t polar
- Oxygen can also dissolve in water - Surface Tension →
- Network of H-bonds exist like a film on top of the water
- Not static bonds (constantly breaking/reforming)
- Form a net like effect - Less dense when frozen →
- Less dense in its solid state (ice) compared to its liquid state (water)
- Ice floats as a result
- Ice floating on top insults fish in the winter - High Specific Heat (HSH) →
- Water heats up and cools down gradually
- Water can store a large quantity of heat and release it slowly
- Without HSH more water would remain in a gas state
- Helps to moderate coastal climates
- Heat stored in water (absorbed all summer) then released during winter, making coast line climates warmer - Cohesion →
- Water sticking to water
- Important for plants to transport water up and down stem - Adhesion →
- Water sticking to other surfaces
- Water up stems against the pull of gravity - High Heat of Vaporization →
- Amount of energy needed to change from a liquid to a gas
- Water can absorb a large amount of energy before turning into a gas
- When sweat beads on your skin, the water absorbs a large amount of heat from the body before evaporating
- takes extra energy to break H-bonds
Name the 4 macromolecules with their monomers/polymers.
Proteins →
Monomer: Amino acids
Polymer: Polypeptide
Lipids →
Monomer: Fatty Acids/Glycerol
Polymer: Triglyceride, Phospholipids, Cholesterol, Steroids
Carbohydrates →
Monomer: Monosaccharide (glucose, fructose, galactose)
Polymer: Disaccharide (maltose, sucrose, lactose), Polysaccharide (amylose, amylopectin, starch)
Nucleic Acids →
Monomer: Nucleotides
Polymer: DNA, RNA
Link between macromolecules and a healthy diet.
Proteins → Essential amino acids used to build new proteins (and enzymes)
- help rebuild tissue and muscle
Carbohydrates → Used for short-term energy
Lipids → Used for long term energy storage, insulation, creating steroids
Nucleic Acids → Used for genetic material
Using the molecular formula for carbohydrates (CH2O)
Multiply everything by the given number.
Identify functional groups in a given molecule.
Hydroxyl → OH Sulfhydryl → SH Carboxyl → COOH Carbonyl → CO Amino → NHH or NHHH Phosphate → POOO
Be able to recognize and describe the 4 biochemical reactions.
Condensation → Removing water to join two smaller molecules to form a larger molecule
Hydrolysis → Adding water to a larger molecule to split it into smaller molecules.
Redox → Paired reactions where on substance gains e- and the other loses e-
(e- gained → reduction)
(e- lost → oxidation)
Neutralization → Acid mixing with a base to form a salt and water
Explain the difference between monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and saturated fats.
Monounsaturated →
- Composed of unsaturated fatty acids
- a phosphate group bound to glycerol
- at least one double bond (kinked)
Polyunsaturated →
- many double bonds
- the more double bonds the healthy for you it is
Saturated fats →
- Composed of saturated fatty acids
- single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain
Recognize the base molecule structure of an amino acid.
H H O-H
\ | /
N - C - C = O
/ |
H RDraw representative diagrams for primary, secondary (alpha and beta), tertiary, and quaternary proteins, and explain what interactions create these different forms.
Primary → Straight line (amino acids joined by peptide bonds)
Secondary → bent of spiral shape due to H-bonding between side chains
Alpha → Looped
Beta → Folded (pleated)
Tertiary → Single scribble (created by the interactions of side chains in a long polypeptide)
Quaternary → 4 Scribbles together (Interactions between side chains)
Enzymes: Their role in lowering activation energy, active site, allosteric site, enzyme-substrate complex, inhibitors and activators, things that control the reaction rate of an enzyme, problem with denaturation.
Lowering activation energy →
- Enzymes act as catalysts to lower activation energy
- without enzymes, reactions in the body would happen to slowly
- prepare substrates for reaction by lowering activation energy
- they can change the environment/substrate to get the substrates to react
- when reaction is over, enzyme releases the products and can be used over again to catalyze more substrates
Active site →
- Location where a substrate binds to the enzyme
- Location where the chemical reactions takes place
Allosteric site →
- binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme
- changes the shape of the active site
- prevents substrate from binding
Enzyme-substrate complex →
- an enzyme and a substrate bonded together
Inhibitors →
- bind to the enzyme and prevents the substrate from attaching
Activators →
- bind to the allosteric site of the enzyme and changes the shape of the active site
- increases enzyme activity
Rate of Reaction →
- reducing available substrates
- saturation of substrates
- enzyme inhibitors
- enzyme activators
Denaturation →
- cant catalyze reactions if their shape is changes (substrate wont fit)
- enzyme cant be used anymore
Explain the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and its components.
Fluid →
- able to move around
- phospholipids are not static
- they are able to change places around the membrane
- even switch with the phospholipids on the inside of the cell
Mosaic →
- Made up of many smaller units to make a larger unit
- works together as one unit
ex. phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, and protein channels.
Model →
- a demonstration of how it works in real life
Components →
Phospholipids → keep water outside and inside of the cell
Cholesterol → allows for movement of phopholipids, molecules to pass through
- increases fluidity, especially in cold temperatures)
Glycolipids → the “nametags” mark certain molecules, so that the body is able to find them
ex. blood typing
Protein tunnels/channels → allows for larger molecules to pass through the cell membrane
Identify the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics and their relation to cellular respiration.
1st Law → Energy can not be destroyed or created
Ex. energy is transferred or transformed during cellular respiration (NADH, ETC) (electron carriers)
2nd Law → The universe tends towards entropy (disorder)
Ex. cells need to create energy using cellular respiration in order to combat entropy (free radicals)
Purpose of cellular respiration and equation.
Eqn. C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Purpose: To make energy.
Role of ADP/ATP, roles and reduction of NAD+ and FAD.
ADP/ATP:
- captures and stores potential energy
- ADP can be recycled to recreate ATP (using energy from glucose)
NAD+ and FAD:
- electron carriers
- reduction happens to power the last stages of cellular respiration (making ATP)
Name and briefly describe what happens during each stage of cellular respiration. Describe what happens to the 2 pyruvate in the transition step and the workings of the ETC. Be able to identify the products of each stage.
Glycolysis:
- 1 glucose split to create 2 pyruvate and 2 net ATP
Transition step:
- 2 pyruvate are oxidized by NAD+, loose carbon dioxide, joined with coenzyme A to make 2 molecules acetyl-coA
Krebs Cycle:
- 2 acetyl-coA joins with oxaloactetate to make citrate, 2 net ATP produced, molecules oxidized by NAD+ and FAD, cycle repeats twice for every acetyl-coA
ETC
NADH and FADH2 brings e- from the previous cycles to the mitochondrion and use the energy from the e- to pump protons into intermembrane space, creating a concentration gradient. Protons returning to matrix power ATP, synthase, which joins ADP and Pi to form 32 ATP per glucose.
Identify the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, with examples.
Aerobic - with oxygen (cellular respiration)
Anaerobic - without oxygen (lactate or alcohol fermentation)
Purpose of photosynthesis and equation.
Eqn. 6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20
Purpose: Breaking something down.
Problem with Rubisco and the adaptions of C4 and CAM plants to meet the limitation.
Cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide; creates toxic products when calvin cycle uses oxygen
C4 - bundle sheath cell, two separate cycles
CAM - timing of day/night
Identify what is happening in a photosystem.
A photon strikes the top of the thylakoid membrane and excites an e- which bumps it up to a higher energy state. The energy is then transferred between each e- allowing it to “jump” around, until it finally reaches the reaction center chlorophyll where its energy becomes captured and the e- is trapped by the primary electron acceptor.
Compare cyclic and non-cyclic flow of electrons during light-reactions and the purpose of each.
Cyclic →
- Only PS2 occurs
- ATP is produced
Non-cyclic →
- the whole process occurs
- PS1 and PS2 are used to generate ATP and NADPH for the plant.
Explain how photosynthesis played a key role in bringing about the Cambrian explosion, linking it to the needs of larger, more active life forms.
- Stromatlytes photosynthetic bacteria
- by-product is oxygen
- binding with iron to produce iron oxide
- iron was used up, oxygen released into atmosphere
- animals switched respiration ana to aero.
- more efficient way of producing ATP
- SO4 and NO2 used for anaerobic respiration not efficient
- more electronegative o2 for aerobic respiration more efficient
- more complex life could form
- harvest more energy
- allowed for more complex body systems and hunting
Basic structure of DNA compared to RNA .
DNA - phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, base
RNA - phosphate, ribose sugar, base
Explain why there is such a wide variety of life with only 4 nitrogenous bases.
- Genome can vary a great deal between species.
- The size and number of genes can vary a great deal.
- Genes also vary in the molecules they produce.
