Exam Review

Question 1

Products of a incomplete combustion

Answer 1

CO, C, H2O, CO2

Question 2

Products of a complete combustion

Answer 2

CO2 + H2O

Question 3

particles in individual elements of a compound

Answer 3

Find #p of whole compound, multiply that by subscript of wanted element

Question 4

% composition

Answer 4

subscript of element x atomic mass of individual element / molar mass of whole compound X 100

Question 5

Mass of 1 molecule of a compound

Answer 5

Use n= #p/NA, and input 1 into #p

Question 6

Making a solution

Answer 6

1. Calc # moles of solute needed
2. Calc mass from #1
3. Weigh out that mass
4. Put in volumetric flask, fill halfway with solute
5. Swirl until solute is fully dissolved, then fill flask remainder of the way.

Question 7

Characteristics of an Acid

Answer 7

Sour/harsh, can be strong/weak, turn blue litmus paper red, turn phenalthalin colourless

Question 8

Characteristics of a base

Answer 8

Bitter, slippery, caustic, can be strong/weak, turn red litmus blue, turn phenalthalin pinky/purple

Question 9

PH Scale

Answer 9

0-7 (acids), 7-14 (bases)

Question 10

Monoprotic Acid

Answer 10

Only 1 H per molecule

Question 11

Polyprotic Acid

Answer 11

2+ H per molecule (diprotic =2, triprotic =3)

Question 12

Arrhenius BASES

Answer 12

A base is any substance that produced OH- ion as it dissolves.

Question 13

Sublimation

Answer 13

Solid - Gas (endothermic)

Question 14

Deposition

Answer 14

Gas - Solid (exothermic)

Question 15

Condensing

Answer 15

Gas - liquid (exothermic)

Question 16

Arrhenius ACIDS

Answer 16

An acid is any substance that produced H+ ion as it dissolves

Question 17

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Answer 17

1. All matter is made up of atoms,
2. Atoms have energy of motion (we feel this as temp.)
3. Atoms stop moving @ absolute zero
4. Pressure of gas is due to the motion of molecules.

Question 18

Vapour Pressure

Answer 18

The pressure created by gas molecules when liquid turns to gas (vaporizes)

Question 19

When does it vaporize/boil?

Answer 19

Vapor pressure (IMF) must be greater than ATM pressure.

Question 20

Characteristics of Ideal Gases

Answer 20

1. Gas particles have 0 volume,
2. No attractive forces between particles
3. Movement of particles is proportional to absolute temp.

Question 21

When are real gases most like ideal gases?

Answer 21

When temp is high and pressure is low

Question 22

Find # protons

Answer 22

Atomic number

Question 23

electrons

Answer 23

protons +/- charge of ion

Question 24

neutrons

Answer 24

Atomic mass - atomic number

Question 25

Isotopes

Answer 25

same element, different mass. Use equation.

Question 26

Atomic Radius

Answer 26

half the distance between nuclei of bonded atoms

Question 27

Atomic radius trend across

Answer 27

Decreases. Zeff increases therefore electrons become closer to the protons.

Question 28

Atomic radius trend down

Answer 28

Increases, because more energy levels are needed to accommodate electrons so the element gets bigger.

Question 29

Ionization energy

Answer 29

Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

Question 30

Ionization energy across

Answer 30

Increases. Zeff increases therefore there is a stronger bond between valence electrons and protons so its harder to rip one away.

Question 31

Ionization energy down

Answer 31

Decreases. There are more energy levels therefore valence electrons are further away from proton electrons so it easier to rip one away.

Question 32

Electron affinity

Answer 32

Energy released upon the gaining of an electron.

Question 33

Electron affinity trend across

Answer 33

Increases. Zeff increases therefore there is a stronger bond between valence electrons and protons so when an electron is gained there is lots of energy.

Question 34

Electron affinity trend down

Answer 34

Decreases. There are more energy levels therefore valence electrons are further away from proton electrons so there is less attraction for the gaining of electrons

Question 35

Electronegitivity

Answer 35

Tendancy for an atom to attract electrons for covalent bonding

Question 36

Electronegitivity trend across

Answer 36

Increases. Zeff increases therefore there is a stronger bond between valence electrons and others for sharing,

Question 37

Electronegitivity trend down

Answer 37

Decreases. There are more energy levels therefore valence electrons are further away from proton electrons so there is less attraction for the sharing of electrons.

Question 38

Octet rule

Answer 38

Atoms tend to lose/gain electrons until they have 8 in their valence shell.

Question 39

Non-polar

Answer 39

Electrons are shared equally between atoms (symmetrical)

Question 40

Polar

Answer 40

One atom has a greater attraction for the electrons than the other atoms (asymmetrical)