Exam Review: Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
cell wall:
A
Surrounds and protects the cell (p)
2
Q
Nucleus:
A
Control CENTRE of the cell. Tells all organelles what to do (b)
3
Q
Vacuole:
A
Store water, wastes, & other material (b)
4
Q
Mitochondria:
A
The power house of the cell (b)
5
Q
Golgi bodies:
A
Packaging CENTRE of the cell (b)
6
Q
Cell membrane:
A
Covers the entire cell & gatekeeper to control materials coming in and out of the cell (b)
7
Q
Centriole:
A
Small protein critical to cell division. (A)
8
Q
Chloroplasts:
A
Organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis (p)
9
Q
Chromosome:
A
Threadlike structure containing genetic or hereditary info (b) also carries genes
10
Q
Cytoplasm:
A
Liquid where nutrients are absorbed, transported, and processed. Holds all organelles (b)
11
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum
A
Enroll admit reticulum series of canals that carry material around the cell
12
Q
Golgi body:
A
Stores proteins until they are needed inside or outside the cell
13
Q
Lysosomes:
A
Sac like structures surrounding the Golgi apparatus. Contains proteins + breaks down large molecules & other cell parts (a)
14
Q
Mitochondria:
A
Tiny oval shaped organelle that gives the cells energy
15
Q
Nucleolus:
A
Circle in the nucleus of some cells probably involved in making proteins (b)
16
Q
Ribosomes:
A
Organelle that build proteins for cell growth and reproduction
17
Q
Vacuole:
A
Stores water, wastes & other material (b) but larger in plants
18
Q
Found in plants but not animals:
A
Chloroplasts, bigger vacuole, cell wall
19
Q
Mitosis:
A
The stage of cells reproducing
20
Q
Stages of mitosis:
A
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, tellophase, cytokenisis
21
Q
In interphase:
A
Majority of time is spent here. DNA is being duplicated
22
Q
Prophase:
A
Nuclear membrane is visible. DNA could up shorter + thicker double stranded chromosomes are visible
23
Q
Metaphase:
A
Double stranded chromosomes move and line up along the cell. Spindles are visible
24
Q
Anaphase:
A
Single stranded chromosomes move to opposite poles . They’re pulled by spindle fibers
25
Telophase:
Single stranded chromosomes at each end of the cell. Cell membrane pinches to split cytoplasm
26
Cytokinesis:
Nuclear membrane reforms. Cytoplasm is divided to form to identical daughter cells. (After this, interphase begins again)
27
Difference between a malignant and benign tumor:
Malignant is cancerous and can spread to other cells + benign doesn't affect surrounding cells.
28
Esophagus:
25 cm tube, moves food to stomach
29
Stomach:
Digests food with stomach acid and churns.(lining absorbs nutrients and enzymes break food down)
30
Small intestine:
Digestion + absorption of nutrients
31
Large intestine:
Absorbs water and vitamins k & b in chyme
32
Liver:
Produce bile for fat breakdown
33
Pancreas:
Releases digestive enzymes and hormones
34
Rectum:
(last section of colon) controls elimination of waste
35
Anus:
Secretes waste
36
Arteries:
Carries bright red blood away from heart. Thick walls under high pressure
37
Capillaries:
Small narrow vessels, links arteries and veins together: thin walled to allow gases and nutrients to live between cells and blood
38
Veins:
Carries blood towards the heart, contains valves and dark red blood
39
Blood circulation to the heart:❤️
Pulmonary, systemic
40
Pulmonary system:
Blood flow between heart and lungs
41
Systemic system:
Blood flow between heart and body
42
Nasal cavity:
Breathes air in (filters it, moistens it, & traps particles
43
Trachea:
Cartilage tubes that take airflow to lungs
44
Bronchi:
Cartilage tubes that take airflow and end in alveoli
45
Bronchioles:
The branches of the bronchi containing alveoli
46
Alveoli:
Sacs that gases exchange within
47
Diaphragm:
: large muscle under lungs that moves upward when exhaling and inward when inhaling
48
Function of tissues:
To make up organs, organ systems, and body parts.
49
Types of tissue:
Muscle, epithelial, connective, nervous
50
Vital lung capacity:
Maximum amount of air a person can take in the lungs.
51
How do u measure vital lung capacity?
A spirometer.
52
How to find total magnification of a specimen:
Objective lens x eye piece = total magnification
53
How to figure out the size of the specimen:
```
Size = field of view
--------------
# of times it fits across
```
54
Four factors that affect rate of reaction:
Temperature, catalyst, surface area, concentration
55
How does temperature affect rate of reaction:
When it's cold particles move slow and when hot they move fast
56
How does surface area affect rate of reaction
Smaller - slower
| Bigger- faster bc more particles to collide with
57
How does concentration affect rate of reaction
3 molers- faster
| 1 moler- slower bc the particle collisions are slowed down
58
How does a catalyst affect rate of reaction:
Speeds up reaction by making particles collide faster
59
Important Neutralization reaction to remember:
Acid + base --> water + salt
60
Affects on blue litmus paper:
acid- turns red
| base- blue
61
Affects on red litmus paper:
Acid- red
| Base- turn blue
62
Methyl orange effects:
Acid- turns red
| Base- yellow/orange
63
Phenolphthalein effects in:
Acid- cloudy
| Base- magenta colour !
64
Where are metals, non metals and noble gases found on the periodic table?
Metals- in the middle and all the left
Non - in between and on staircase
Noble gases - all right side after stairs
65
Why do elements form ions?
Because the atoms gain or lose electrons
66
Ionic compounds:
Metal and non metals
67
Molecular:
All gases
68
Ionic compounds:
Have full outer shell by transfer of electrons
69
Molecular compounds:
Atoms that share electrons through covalent bonds
70
Law of conservation of mass:
States that the mass of the products are equal to the reactants
71
Three types of mirrors:
Concave, convex, plane/ flat
72
Concave characteristics:
Inverted, real, INFRONT, size either larger or smaller
73
Convex characteristics:
Upright, smaller, virtual, otherside
74
Plane / flat characteristics:
Virtual, upright, same size, otherside
75
When object is behind c:
Smaller
Inverted
INFRONT
Real
76
When object is at c:
Same
Inverted
In front
Real
77
When object is between c and f:
Larger
Inverted
INFRONT
Real
78
When object is at f
No image
79
When object is inside f;
Larger
Upright
Behind
Virtual
80
Diverging mirror:
Has same characteristic as convex but is concave
81
Converging lens:
Convex but characteristics of concave
82
Virtual:
Mirrors- convex (concave mirror inside f)
| Lens: diverging (converging lens inside f)
83
Real:
Mirrors- concave beyond f
| Lenses- converging beyond f
84
Define refraction:
light passes through a different medium and changes speed and direction
85
when does total internal reflection occur ?
When the incident angle exceeds the critical angle
86
Laws of reflection:
Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
87
Examples that display total internal reflection:
Diamonds, periscope, binoculars, rainbows
88
Concave mirrors are:
```
if object if INFRONT - real object (+)
Behind - virtual (-)
If image is INFRONT - real image
If behind - virtual image
Upright is + and - is inverted
Focal- + concave - convex
```
89
For lenses:
```
Object left- real
Right- virtual
image on the right - real
Image in the left - virtual
focal + converge - diverge
+ upright
Inverted -
```
90
Mutation:
When DNA or a gene is damaged or changed and it alters the genetics of that gene
91
Stem cell:
Undifferentiated cells that can change into specialized cells (blank slates)
92
Red blood cells:
Remove carbon dioxide from the body
93
White blood cells:
Protects body against infectious diseases and foreign invaders
94
Platelets:
A component of the blood that that stops bleeding by clumping and clotting blood vessel injuries.
95
Right atrium:
Where Deoxygenated blood enters through
96
Left atrium:
Oxygen rich blood enters the left atrium then to the pulmonary vein
97
Right ventricle:
Pumps oxygen depleted blood to the lungs
98
Left ventricle:
Pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation
99
Element:
A substance of atoms consisting of protons, neutrons, electrons
100
Ion:
The electric charge on (an) ion(s). Can be positive (loss of electrons) or negative (gain of electrons)
101
Cations:
Positive ions formed be loss of electrons
102
Anions:
Negative ions due to the gain of electrons
103
Luminous:
Something that can produce its own light
104
Un-luminous:
Can not produce its own light
105
Reactant:
A substance that takes in and undergoes change during a reaction
106
Product:
A new material formed in a chemical reaction (created by two reactants)
107
Indicator test:
A substance that had a distinct change when added to different solutions to determine if it is in the presence of an acid or base
108
Ph scale:
A measure of acidity and alkalinity in a substance
109
Combustion reactions always have:
A fuel (like propane for example) and c02 plus water is the product
110
Plant tissues:
Dermal, ground, vascular
111
Dermal tissue:
Outer covering of plant
112
Ground tissue:
Where photosynthesis takes place, stores photosynthetic products, and helps support the plant
113
Vascular tissue:
Conducts water and solutes throughout the plant
114
Plant tissues exist in:
The stem, root, and leaves
115
Cuticle of the plant:
Waxy covering
116
Meristematic tissue:
Tissue responsible for plants growth
117
Role of epithelial tissue:
Lining, transport, secretion, and absorption
118
Connective tissue:
Support strength and elasticity
119
Muscle tissue:
Movement
120
Nervous tissue:
Information processing, communication, and control
121
Speed of light in a vacuum:
300 00 km/s or 300 000 000 m/s
122
Speed of light in a medium:
v: speed of light in a medium, c: speed of light in a vacuum, n: index of refraction v= c/v
123
How do u calculate index of refraction?:
n=c/v (given speed of light: v)
124
How a rainbow works:
Reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in rain droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky
125
How does a mirage work?
When the ground is very hot and the air is cool, the ground warms the layer of air just above the ground. Light moves through the cold air and refracts into the hot air
126
How does a sunset work:
Scattering affects the colours of light coming from the sky. Molecules + particles in the atmosphere change the direction of light rays causing them to scatter resulting in colourful sunsets
