exam review Flashcards

Question

what are the political and social effects of the internet in the globalization context?

Answer 1

-Franklin concludes that the internet “has not only become a critical means and medium for everyday life, economic power, and socio political dissent but also integral to the exercise of power: an object for struggle over its ownership, control and design -Consider how the internet has become implicated in matters of war and security Arab spring, they turned off internet access Consider how the government/ corporations use the internet against citizens/consumers Examples -Blocking access to info, censoring web content, data collection, monitoring online behaviour. -Cambridge analytical politicized the availability of this data, -Alleged Russian Trolls have attempted to manipulate cultural divides and stroke tension in the US Corporations’ unilateral decisions may restrict access to the use of the internet in some places Google can work in China but under Chinese rule

Answer 2

About 55% of the world's population lacks access to the internet This is spread of unevenly across the world 35 countries have less than 20% of the population has access to the internet Rural-Urban gap in many different countries (especially in developing countries)

Answer 3

``` -They are trying to incorporate human rights has it pertains to the internet Example -Universal and equal internet -Rights and social justice -Accessibility ```

Answer 4

-It is easy to move within borders if you are a citizen or if you are in the country legally -People are free to move across national borders if they are legally authorized to do so -Both of these are simple answers though because both legality and citizenships -The way in which citizenship has been granted as well as the ways in which it has been denied have been linked to social and political phenomena that involves power and struggles over meaning and identity same is true for legality Example: -A lot of things that use to be legal in the USA before are illegal now such as slavery and women voting.

Answer 5

because as we are transitioning to a more liquid world we are seeing collapse of borders and a more global we forming which does not include borders

Answer 6

Society sacrifices illegal immigrants potential to prove their ability Opens doors to vigilantism

Answer 7

Globalization presents challenges to this concept and raises serious questions as to whether the convention concept of the citizen in political and legal practices which function to exclude and deny to those who are not citizens can ultimately survive since globalization is so inclusive and pushing towards a global ‘we’ What has been called “universal citizenship” in the united states has at various moments in time excluded women, african-americans, and others.

Answer 8

Modernism Links the emergence of nation to the modern period in history which is associated with the changes brought about by industrialization and modernism Bridging of new communities Primordialist Emphasizes the importance of objective factors in the formation as ethnic groups such as language, common ancestry, religion ect.

Answer 9

Chinese Nation building policies towards overseas chinese and ethnic minorities illustrate how nationalism is no delimited by the territorial sovereign boundaries of the state, but work in conjunction with other non-territorial markers of distinction, such as race. The process of subjectification of fragmented body of ‘relevant people’ is an alternative way of thinking about how people come to identify with nations

Answer 10

Manzo defines modern day slavery as unpaid forced labour but that doesn’t always work Example Illegal migrants working in greenhouses that do get paid but their working conditions are similar to those of slaves

Answer 11

``` The Ivory coast was a former colony that many focused on the production of ivory but by the start of the early 20th century, ivory was over exploited so instead massive deforestation occurred in order to make room for cash crops such as cocoa and coffee Once independence was reached in 1960’s the landowning class changed that to economic power which translated to political. The continued the growth of cash crops such as cocoa and saw a huge bomb in 1970’s but soon after commodity prices fell causing high level of debt and borrowing which gave way to unfair policy changes. Policy changes includes taking away safety nets for farmers so they are open to exploitation by the world market for their commodity prices because of the neoliberal perspective that preaches no regulations. Got rid of price guarantee Because of this increased insecurity for farmers, they were forced to make their own children work and take on slaves. Producers don’t want to have slaves because workers are more productive than forced labour This caused slavery to be reintroduced as a way of lowering costs ```

Answer 12

Formal Contractual, legal, regulated exchange of commodified goods and services negotiated salaries and wages are paid, motivated by some degree of profit seeking Governed by laws, officially organized economy Informal Work that is not recorded or regulated, ranging from socially necessary and volunteer activities (Household child and elder care, domestic work) to illicit shadow activities (paid but no regulation or actively evadeed such as street vending, sex work, arms trading. Organized in non-formal ways Rarely counted in official economic analysis

Answer 13

There has been a push from formal to informal work and one reason for this is flexibilization As factories around the world work hard to meet the demands of mass consumption, gradually those factories tend to unionize which often gains workers relative security, well paying jobs with good benefits but a higher cost per worker means a higher price for the product which loses the company their competitive edge. Neoliberal reconstruction has transformed these arrangements and flexibilization is the buzzword that characterises these changes Production process shifts to spatially dispersed networks (Global assembly line, subcontracting,smaller enterprises) Increasingly casualized: non permanent, part time And informalized: unregulated , non-contractual Short term rather than long term production planning Avoidance of organized labour More and more companies are choosing to take the flexibilization approach even if it harms development of people overall. Increases the power of management and decreases the choices available to workers.

Answer 14

Inequality is not new but since the inequality that we see today is a result of specific policy changes made in 1945 1. Neoliberal reform 2. A truly global capitalist economy 3. Pursuit of the state and International Organization of greater openness and competitiveness in the global economy All three of these things taken in combination caused a spike in inequality The distribution of wealth is different becuase a lot less people have a lot more money

Answer 15

It is hard to calculate income between countries because of inflections and the income people recieve after taxes and fees. Also the fact that not all countries release data the same and the different costs of living. Purchasing Power Parity How much a basket of goods filled with necessities would cost in each nation PROS: good for comparing cost of living CONS: in different cultures, different things are considered a necessity, for example, beef is not a necessity in India Gini Coefficient It's on a scale of 1-0, 1 being inequality and 0 being perfectly equal. PROS: Good illustration CONS: It does not take into account informal work and does not tell us the distribution of the inequality. Quintiles and Deciles Breaks population into 20% groups and blocks of 10 PROS: easy to manage CONS: doesn’t show inequality within those groups

Answer 16

The growth of wealth for the top 1% has almost doubled but there as basically been no growth between the bottom 50% and top 1% In canada top 10% have around 47% of national income In china and Russia the top 1% has doubled since 1995

Answer 17

Neoliberal solutions to poverty are basically market solutions for essentially social problems -Emphasis on growth not redistribution -Shift away from older of development as involving a social wage, food subsidies, infrastructure, etc. -Microfinance shift focus from inequality to poverty reduction and is fairly limited to helping the poor avoid total destitution rather than a substantial change in living conditions -Celebrity campaigns to end poverty = a sort of ‘poverty porn’. A voyeuristic culture of celebrity worship has displace politics, shifting responsibility away from those with actual authority it a nebulous global sphere of liberal good heartedness and feel good solidarity with the poor. NL solutions to poverty = freeing the market by removing obstacles to its operation

exam review Flashcards

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