exam review Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross
A
p generation
2
Q
protein on the cell membrane that identifies the cell
A
marker protein
3
Q
ability to absorb and retain heat
A
high heat capacity
4
Q
water hating, ex. fatty acid tails
A
hydrophobic
5
Q
main energy source that cells use for most of their work
A
ATP
6
Q
organisms that eat primary consumers; ex. carnivores
A
secondary consumers
7
Q
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) + ADP ———> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + ATP
A
equation for cellular respiration
8
Q
the particles of the nucleus that have no charge found in the nucleus of an atom
A
neutron
9
Q
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
A
osmosis
10
Q
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
A
ecosystem
11
Q
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
A
evaporation
12
Q
a backbone of alternating deoxyribose and sugar, phosphate connected by phosphodiester bonds. Off of the deoxyribose is a base pair of adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which is connected to the complementary base and nucleotide sequence. the two sides are antiparallel one from 5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’
A
structure of nucleotides
13
Q
the characteristic of life that describes that over generations, groups of organisms evolve, or change over time
A
living things evolve
14
Q
the big idea that stats that living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life processes
A
genetic information
15
Q
uses the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA to bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
A
tRNA (transfer RNA)
16
Q
genotype for a male
A
XY
17
Q
the uneven ends of a double-stranded DNA molecule that has been cut with a restriction enzyme
A
sticky ends
18
Q
attracted to water, ex. fatty acid heads
A
hydrophillic
19
Q
having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (in osmosis causes the cell to grow)
A
hypotonic
20
Q
what do ecological pyramids show?
A
the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food web
21
Q
inheritance of a genetic trait located on the sex chromosomes
A
sex-linked inheritance
22
Q
- the process by which the mRNA sequence is converted into an amino acid sequence
- occurs at the ribosome
- amino acids present in the cytoplasm are carried by tRNA molecules to the codons of the mRNA strand at the ribosome
- some tRNA molecules can bind to two or more different codons
- Ex: UUU, UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG all code for a single amino acid, serine
A
translation of mRNA into a protein
23
Q
processes and stores protein as well as sending them throughout the cell
A
golgi body
24
Q
restriction fragments with no overlapping ends
A
blunt ends
25
genetic factor that overrides another genetic factor
dominant trait
26
an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
phenotype
27
process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits which eventually leads to more individuals with the desirable traits
natural selection
28
different forms of a gene
alleles
29
all the organisms of one species in a habitat
population
30
creates lipids or fat in a cell
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
31
a macromolecule with the monomer of amino acids which transports enzymes
proteins
32
strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria (prokaryotes)
cell wall
33
substage of interphase where DNA replication occurs
S
34
the series of processes by which carbon compounds are interconverted in the environment
carbon cycle
35
surface, tension, high heat capacity, ice less dense than water, adhesion, cohesion, universal solvent, capillary action
special properties of water
36
double layer of phospholipids with a hydrophilic head, and hydrophobic tail
structure of phospholipid bilayer
37
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
types of RNA
38
in a water molecule (h2o) the 2 hydrogen atoms are positive while the oxygen is negative. in result, the positive hydrogen atoms are attracted to the negative oxygen atoms of other molecules creating hydrogen bonds between the molecules
hydrogen bonds in water
39
a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (animal and plant cells)
eukaryote
40
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes (In osmosis causes the cell to shrink)
hypertonic
41
the big idea that states that the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life
evolution
42
a cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell
cell membrane
43
what is the purpose of the 4 big ideas of biology?
it defines the core scientific principles, theories, and processes governing living organisms and biological systems
44
the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms
f1 generation
45
[smallest] cells, tissues, organs ,organ systems, organism [biggest]
organization of livings things
46
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
restriction enzymes
47
organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. where photosynthesis takes place
chloroplast
48
a network of fibers that holds the cell together and helps the cell to keep its shape
cytoskeleton
49
dissolves into anything (water)
universal solvent
50
the variable that changes with the experiment
dependent variable
51
carries the genetic information to a ribosome
mRNA (messenger RNA)
52
the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules
cellular respiration
53
nonliving components of environment
abiotic factors
54
what did lamarck believe?
inheritance of acquired characteristics where all of the characteristics created by each organism in their lifetime is passed on to their offspring
55
plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
photosynthesis
56
CO2 + H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + O2
equation for photosynthesis
57
chronological collection of life's remains in rock layers
fossil record
58
using prior knowledge and textual information to draw conclusions, make critical judgments, and form unique interpretations from text
inference
59
The mitotic spindles move to opposite poles and chromosomes align at the equator.
an organism that makes its own food
60
genetic material in almost all living things
DNA
61
a collection of interacting populations that live in the same ecosystem (the living portion of an ecosystem)
community
62
O2 and acetyl-COA is used to create 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2, and 1 ATP
citric acid cycle
63
a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
prokaryote
64
an attraction between molecules of different substances. ex: water is attracted to a penny.
adhesion
65
a mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created
silent mutation
66
provides a supportive framework for membrane
peripheral proteins
67
positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom
proton
68
a molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken down any further
element
69
what you don't change in an experiment
controlled variable
70
powerhouse of the cell, produces energy from oxygen and sugar
mitochondria
71
a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
organelle
72
makes proteins
ribosomes
73
single stranded, ribose sugar, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
structure of RNA
74
what did darwin propose?
natural selection
75
a point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid
missense mutation
76
negatively charged subatomic particles, found outside the nucleus
electron
77
a chemical bond where electrons are shared
covalent bond
78
stage between cell divisions where cell makes preparations to divide
interphase
79
also known as compound microscopes, they are used to study stained or living cells. they can magnify the size of an organism up to 1,000 times
light microscopes
80
all the living organisms that inhabit an environment
biotic factors
81
a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
nonsense mutation
82
genotype of female
XX
83
chromosomes are pulled part to opposite poles by mitotic spindles
anophase
84
repels water
non-polar molecule
85
a statement that can be tested as a possible explanation for a set of observations. in the form of if _____ then _______.
hypothesis
86
1. gyrase unravels the double helix of DNA (In parent strands)
2. helicase splits the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary base pairs to create two separate parent parent strands
3. binding proteins bind to the parent DNA in order to keep the DNA strands from reattaching
4. primase places RNA primer on the start of DNA replication on the leading strand and on multiple places on the lagging strand
5. polymerase adds the complementary base pairs after the RNA primer on the leading strand (from 5' to 3') and adds the complementary base pairs in between the segments of RNA in the lagging strand called ozaki fragments. (From 3' to 5')
6. polymerase replaces the RNA primer with DNA
7. ligase completes the strands by binding together the newly created daughter strands of DNA
8. polymerase checks for any mistakes in the pair, and fixes any errors
replication of DNA
87
all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all earth's ecosystems
biosphere
88
offspring of the F1 generation
f2 generation
89
attach free nucleotides to the new DNA strand
the role of DNA polymerases in DNA replication
90
a macromolecule made of the monomers fatty acids and glycerol which serves as insulation and long term energy storage
lipids
91
the breakdown of glucose to 3 carbon pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 h2o and 2 ATP
glycosis
92
each level in a food chain or food web
trophic level
93
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the calvin cycle
light independent reactions (calvin cycle)
94
found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
nucleolus
95
transport and storage system of a cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum
96
the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock
fossils
97
a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed. White cow + Brown cow= white cow with brown dots
codominance
98
NADH, FADH2, and O2 is transformed 2e- and 2H+ as well as ATP and H20
oxidative phosphorylation
99
catalyzes formation of peptide bonds between amino acids
helps position mRNA in the ribosome
helps bind tRNA in the ribosome
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
100
factors that remain the same during an experiment
constants
101
property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
surface tension
102
located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
centriole
103
observations, asking questions, hypothesis, collecting data/experiment, analyze data, conclusions
scientific method
104
proteins that provide passageways through the membrane for certain hydrophilic substances
channel method
105
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
tonicity
106
situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele. (ex: red flower + white flower = pink flower)
incomplete dominance
107
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
lipid bilayer
108
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
hydrogen bonds
109
an organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
genotype
110
the characteristic of life that describes that all organisms reproduce, which means that they produce new similar organism
living things produce
111
an attraction between molecules of the same substance. ex: water is attracted to water
cohesion
112
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
heterotroph
113
organisms that eat secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
114
a chemical bond where electrons are transported
ionic bond
115
what did gregor mendel do?
founded modern science of genetics using pea plants
116
the characteristic of life that describes that every organism has a particular pattern of growth and development
living things grow and develop
117
first and longest phase of mitosis in which the nucleus dissolves, the mitotic spindle forms, and chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
prophase
118
a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
biome
119
can DNA cut by different restriction enzymes be pieced together?
no
120
how much energy is transported from one trophic level to another?
10%
121
filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
lysosome
122
the smallest unit of an element consisting of protons and neutrons in a nucleus orbited by a number of electrons
atom
123
using 5 senses to draw conclusions, make critical judgments, and form unique interpretations from text
observation
124
a specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
codon
125
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information, because of a change in a base pair, it can code for a different amino acid
mutation
126
1. RNA polymerase binds to to the promoter region on the template strand to start transcription (AUG or methionine)
2. RNA polymerase attaches adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil to the growing mRNA chain
3. eventually, a stop signal is reached in the DNA template which causes the new mRNA strand to detach
transcription (DNA to RNA)
127
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
cytokenesis
128
"unzips" the DNA molecule by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs and unwinding the 2 strands
the role of helicase in DNA replication
129
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
ecosystem
130
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
light- dependent reactions
131
the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back
water cycle
132
a macromolecule with the monomer of monosaccharides which serves as short term energy
carbohydrates
133
what did Darwin find about finches?
he found that their were 13 to 14 species of finches that were similar with slight differences
134
series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
food chain
135
the central part of the cell where DNA is stored
nucleus
136
the big idea that states that living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. all biological systems are composed of parts (biotic and abiotic) that interact with each other
biological systems
137
a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
food web
138
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotide
139
the variable that won't change in an experiment
independent variable
140
qn organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms
decomposer
141
evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
transpiration
142
mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
frameshift mutation
143
a macromolecule made of the monomer of nucleotides which stores genetic information
nucleic acid
144
attracts water, has a partial positive and a partial negative charge
polar molecule
145
double stranded helix of nucleotides
structure of DNA
146
substage of interphase where normal cell growth occurs
G1
147
the big idea that states that biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain homeostasis
energy
148
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
interphase + mitosis
cell cycle
149
a very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
macromolecules
150
substage of interphase where replication of organelles occurs
G2
151
organisms that feed on producers; ex. herbivores
primary consumer
152
large molecules, formed by many molecules
polymer
153
when the concentration of two solutions is the same. (in osmosis, causes no change in cell)
isotonic
154
stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
vacuole
155
outer membrane, inter membrane space, inner membrane, thylakoid, granum (stack of thykaloid), lamella, stroma.
structure of chloroplast
156
a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
recessive trait
157
chromosomes gradually uncoil, mitotic spindle breaks down
| nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes
telophase
158
covalent bond formed between amino acids
peptide bonds
159
DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission
genes
