Exam Review

Question 1

Geology

Answer 1

Study of the Characteristics and history of the Earth

Question 2

Scientific method

Answer 2

Method for identifying a problem and coming up with and testing solutions to explain how the physical universe works

Question 3

Earth’s age

Answer 3

4.54 Billion years old

Question 4

Geologic time

Answer 4

million and billions of years

Question 5

Uniformitarianism

Answer 5

The process we see in the Earth today happened in the past

Question 6

Origin of Universe

Answer 6

Big Bang Theory: Explosion and expansion from a singularity

Question 7

Origin of Solar system

Answer 7

Solar Nebula Theory: Rotating cloud of gas collapsed because of a shockwave

Question 8

Hubble’s Law

Answer 8

Galaxies are receding at a velocity proportional to their distance from us

Question 9

Earth’s Chemical Layers

Answer 9

Crust, Mantle, Core

Question 10

Earth’s physical layers

Answer 10

Lithosphere: crust and upper mantle
Asthenosphere: Upper mantle: plasticy
Lower mantle: solid
Outer core: Liquid: Created magnetic field
Inner core: solid

Question 11

Mineral

Answer 11

Naturally occurring
inorganic
Crystalline solid
narrowly defined chemical comp
Characteristic physical properties

Question 12

Matter

Answer 12

substance of which any physical object consists or is composed

Question 13

Electron structure

Answer 13

ring 1 - 2
ring 2 - 8
ring 3 - 8

Question 14

Ionic bonding

Answer 14

Electron is lost or gained and atom becomes an ion
Cation = +
Anion = -

Question 15

Covalent bonding

Answer 15

Atoms share electrons

Question 16

Metallic bonding

Answer 16

Electrons migrate among atoms of other like metals

Question 17

Van der Waals

Answer 17

Weak attractive force between neutral atoms3

Only really graphite

Question 18

Isotope

Answer 18

Variation in number of neutrons

Question 19

Radioactive decay

Answer 19

Atom releases energy to return to natural state

Question 20

Rock forming Mineral

Answer 20

(O)ld
(Si)lly
(A)unt
(Fe)y
(C)an
(N)ever
(K)iss
(M)en

Question 21

Silicates

Answer 21

Si-O tetrahedron
Dark silicates = Ferromagnesian minerals
Light silicates = Non-Ferromagnesian minerals

Question 22

Non-Silicates

Answer 22

Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonates
Native Elements

Question 23

How minerals form

Answer 23

Solidification from a melt (most common)
Precipitation from a solution
Solid state alteration
Biomineralization
Chemical alteration

Question 24

Gemstones

Answer 24

Perfect Mineral that has special value

Question 25

Evidence for continential drift

Answer 25

``` Fit of continents Rock sequence Mountain ranges Glacial deposits Paleoclimates Fossil correlation ```

Question 26

20th century evidence

Answer 26

Seamount Chains and Fracture zones | Sediment thickness and Age

Question 27

Earth's magnetic field (magnetosphere)

Answer 27

Giant bar magnet. Radiates from south pole and loops to North pole. Flowing of Iron in outer core generates mangetic field

Question 28

Paleomagnetism

Answer 28

Magnetism in rocks

Question 29

Polar wandering

Answer 29

Movement of tectonic plates caused magnetic rocks to lead to different locations for amgnetic poles

Question 30

Tectonic plates

Answer 30

Continental Oceanic Combination

Question 31

Plate boundaries

Answer 31

``` Divergent = Push apart Convergent = Push together Transform = Slide past eachother ```

Question 32

Hot stops and Mantle plumes

Answer 32

Intra plate: can happen within the middle of a plate Deep upwelling from mantle reach crust and start to fracture, creating volcanic island: Hawaiin islands. Do not move, the plates move.

Question 33

Active margin

Answer 33

boundary between two plates

Question 34

Passive margin

Answer 34

in the middle of a plate, away from any boundary between plates