EXAM REVIEWER Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
refers to the situation or environment
and the circumstances in which communication occurs.
A
Speech context
2
Q
Categories of Communication
workplace or in an organized environment; formal
channels, such as letters, memorandums, or e-mails
A
Formal Communication
3
Q
Categories of Communication
Everyday conversations, chatting, and spontaneous
interactions
A
Informal Communication
4
Q
simply means communicating with oneself. The individual
involved in the process of communication is both the sender
and the receiver.
A
Intrapersonal communication
5
Q
Types of Intrapersonal Communication
inner talk, done within the mind
A
Internal discourse
6
Q
writing that is not intended for others
A
Solo written communication
7
Q
spoken aloud
A
Solo vocal communication
8
Q
● a transmission or exchange of a message, feelings, or a meaning through verbal or nonverbal cues
A
Interpersonal communication
9
Q
● necessitates an interdependent relationship between or among the participants
A
Interpersonal communication
10
Q
face-to-face encounter
A
• Direct
11
Q
virtual, with the use of technology
A
• Indirect
12
Q
composed of two participants taking turns as speaker and listener in the communication process
A
dyad
13
Q
also known as one-to-one communication, may be formal or informal
A
dyad
14
Q
composed of three or more participants who engage in
discussion to achieve a common goal like problem solving, performing a task or deciding on something
A
small group
15
Q
● single speaker
● sizeable audience
A
Public Communication
16
Q
message: general interest to the audience, needs planning and preparation
A
Public Communication
17
Q
limited or no opportunities for feedback except for
nonverbal messages, has a definite time limit
A
Public Communication
18
Q
Purposes of Public Communication
professionals, such as doctors and teachers, deliver
speeches during conferences and seminars
A
To inform
19
Q
Purposes of Public Communication
speeches during conferences and seminars
convincing others to buy products, to support a
cause or advocacy, or to vote for a particular candidate
A
To persuade
20
Q
Purposes of Public Communication
delivering toasts during a special occasion, comedy
speeches, messages during school/company programs/parties
A
To entertain
21
Q
a particular style of speaking when a person
interacts with others
A
Speech style
22
Q
also indicates the level of formality with which a
person speaks
A
Speech style
23
Q
identified five types of speech style
A
Martin Joos
24
Q
These speech styles are also called _____.
A
language registers
25
Who are you speaking with? What is your
| relationship with him, her, or them?
Audience
26
What is the subject of the conversation or the
communication situation? Is it a serious topic or a light-
hearted one?
Topic
27
What is the objective of the communication? What do you and the other participants in the conversation aim to achieve?
Purpose
28
Where is the communication being held? What is the environment like?
Location
29
● Characterized by a complete absence of social
inhibitions
● Used by participants who share a very close
relationship
● Participants share a completely private vocabulary.
Intimate speech style
30
a. Conversations are usually done in private.
b. Participants usually use short, incomplete utterances.
c. Grammar and proper word choice are not given importance.
d. Nonverbal cues are often used to convey messages.
e. Participants share inside jokes.
f. Words that signal intimacy are used.
Intimate speech style
31
● a relaxed or informal dialogue between friends, peers, colleagues, or family
● Participants may use group language so only members of
the group can understand it.
Casual Speech Style
32
a. The tone is conversational. Slang, colloquial words,
elliptical sentences, and informal contractions are used.
b. General words rather than technical ones are used.
c. Interruptions are common.
d. Nicknames are used in addressing one another.
Casual Speech Style
33
You may also use this when you would like to make someone feel at ease or when you want to know that individual on a more personal level.
Casual Speech Style
34
● The most operational style among the other styles
● Used in semiformal situations in which a speaker needs
to provide background information because the
listener (or addressee) may not be able to understand
without it.
Consultative Speech Style
35
a. Used in ordinary or routine transactions that lead to an outcome or result
b. Used in business or in other professional situations
c. Interruptions are allowed.
d. Titles are likely to be used when using this speech style.
e. Speaker chooses words with some care, but the flow of conversation is still instantaneous.
Consultative Speech Style
36
● Lack of listener participation
● Often used in formal situations wherein there is only
one-way communication
● The speaker needs to plan ahead his or her utterances,
or what he or she is going to say.
Formal Speech Style
37
a. Interruptions are not allowed.
b. Pronunciation is very clear.
c. Words are carefully chosen, and grammar rules are followed.
d. Sentence structures are more complex and varied.
e. Extensive and technical vocabulary is required.
f. Ideas are cohesive and organized.
g. All background or necessary information is clearly given.
Formal Speech Style
38
● Also used in sermons, speeches, and
announcements
● Also the style that is used for academic and
business writing
Formal Speech Style
39
● Also called the oratorical style
Frozen Speech Style
40
● The most formal style and is reserved for very formal situations
such as in religious services, state affairs, and court proceedings
● Used to address or is given before an audience of absolute
strangers
● Uses prescribed and highly formal language
Frozen Speech Style
41
a. It uses “frozen” language.
b. It has a symbolic or historical nature.
c. It is typically prescribed by law, custom, or ritual.
d. It involves certain fixed or stock expressions that are
rarely or never altered or changed.
Frozen Speech Style
42
Speech Act Theory is proposed by ____ in 1962
John Langshaw Austin
43
further developed by ___ in 1969
John Rogers Searle
44
concerned with what the speaker means—which is his or her intention when he or she says something rather than what the utterance literally means in a language
Speech Act Theory
45
regards language as a sort of action instead of as a
| medium for conveying and expressing ideas
Speech Act Theory
46
states that the very basic unit of communication is the
production or issuance of words, symbols, and sentences; these establish the mutual understanding between people and what they intend to communicate
Speech Act Theory
47
Kinds of Utterances
describe a situation or insinuate assertions (hint a forceful statement/fact or belief)
Constative utterances
48
Kinds of Utterances
are words that incite action.
Performative utterances
49
It is the act of producing meaningful utterance.
Locutionary Act
50
what is said or the actual words being spoken, this pertains to the act of “saying something” in the normal or traditional sense.
Locutionary Act
51
Types of Locutionary Act
pertains to the word or string words said that may not have a particular meaning.
Utterance act
52
pertains to an utterance performed when referring or predicating in an utterance. This does not have to be complete sentence, nor does it have to intend
anything.
Propositional act
53
● It is the meaning one wishes to communicate or convey.
● It is the act that a speaker performs in saying the utterance.
● This pertains to “what is done in uttering the words.”
Illocution
54
Categories of Illocution
● express a speaker’s emotions and attitudes toward a particular situation.
● include apologizing, welcoming, thanking, and
congratulating
Expressives
55
Categories of Illocution
bring about a change in the situation upon being uttered, include appointing, baptizing, declaring, firing, and nominating
declarations
56
Categories of Illocution
● convey information regarding something.
● Include concluding, stating, describing, asserting,
suggesting, and insisting
assertives
57
Categories of Illocution
● cause the individual being addressed to do a particular action
● Include commanding, daring, challenging, requesting, and asking someone to do something
directives
58
Categories of Illocution
● commit the speaker to doing a particular action in the
future
● Include promising, vowing, planning, and offering
commissives
59
It is the effects, intentional or unintentional, the utterance
has on the behavior, thoughts, and feelings of the addressee.
This is the result or effect produced by the utterance in the
given context.
Perlocutionary Act
60
is sometimes called sentential topic, refers to the main idea or focus of a sentence.
sentence topic
61
refers to the topic of the conversation as a whole.
discourse topic
62
occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion in order
to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic.
Topic control
63
occurs when one intentionally or
| unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation.
Topic shifting
64
occurs when the listener concentrates on some phrases from the last statement mentioned by the speaker
Speaking topically
65
occurs when the listener concentrates on a word, but the newly
introduced idea may not be related to the context of the topic.
Speaking on the topic
66
refer to unnecessary acts of participants that often cause a misunderstanding or a delay in the process or flow of the discussion
violations
67
This is also called interruption.
This violation occurs when a speaker is not able to
fulfill his or her purpose because a participant takes
over the role of being a speaker, without allowing
him or her to finish his or her turn first.
Grabbing the floor
68
This is similar to grabbing the floor.
However, instead of the speaker giving up his or her
turn to the participant who interrupts, both of them
talk simultaneously. This may also happen when two
or more participants start speaking at the same
time.
Overlapping
69
This occurs when the speaker continues speaking and ignores
| others who try to join or take over the discussion.
Hogging the floor
70
Also called dead air, this violation occurs when no one wants to speak or
take over the discussion.
Being silent
71
This includes improper articulations, use of the wrong word, failing to hear or be heard, incorrect understanding by the listener, and trouble on the part of the recipient to understand.
Trouble in Speaking, Hearing, or Understanding
72
the set of practices whereby a participant
interrupts the ongoing course of action to attend to
possible trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding
the talk.
repair
73
refers to the participants’ use of expressions to end the conversation.
termination
74
This type of repair is
initiated and fixed by the speaker of the trouble source. This is often carried out when the speaker corrects himself or herself or when he or she cannot find the right word but then is able to find it after a short pause.
Self-initiated self-repair
75
This type of repair is
initiated by another participant but is fixed by the
speaker of the trouble source. This typically occurs when another participant could not
hear the speaker or has misunderstood the speaker.
Other-initiated self-repair
76
This type of repair is initiated by the speaker of the
| trouble source but is fixed by another participant.
Self-initiated other-repair
77
This type of repair is both fixed and initiated by another
| participant.
Other-initiated other-repair
78
is the first step to repairing a conversation.
recognizing the violation
79
____ is the next step after recognition. One may use verbal cues such as anyway, going back, or as I was saying.
Shifting back to the main topic
80
______ are necessary to let other participants know that they have
returned to the original topic.
Asking leading questions
