Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL108 > Exam Revise > Flashcards

Exam Revise Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does urine enter the bladder from ureters?

A

Through peristaltic contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • excretion of metabolic wastes.
  • osmoregulation.
  • regulation of acid-base balance.
  • secretion of hormones.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the regulation of the acid-base balance in the urinary system?

A

The kidneys monitor and help keep blood pH ay 7.4 mainly by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions as needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates red blood cell production whenever the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced or oxygen demand increases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the glomerular capsule also known as?

A

The Bowman capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the inner layer of the glomerular capsule composed of?

A

Podocytes- that have cytoplasmic extensions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are filterable blood components in Glomerular Filtration?

A

Water
Nitrogenous wastes
Nutrients
Salts(ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are small arteries called?

A

Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do capillaries join?

A

Arterioles to venules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three layers that form the walls of veins and arteries?

A

Inner to outer:

  1. Endothelium w. basement membrane of elastic fibres.
  2. Smooth muscle tissue
  3. Connective tissue (largely collagen fibres).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are small veins called?

A

Venules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is blood flow in veins different to that of arteries and arterioles?

A

Blood flow in veins is primarily due to skeletal muscle contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do red blood cells produce ATP?

A

Via anaerobic fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are red blood cells also known as?

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two subgroups of white blood cells (leukocytes) and their types?

A
  1. Granular leukocytes:
    Neutrophils- phagocytise & digest bacteria
    Basophils- releases histamine
    Eosinophils- protecting against parasitic worms
  2. Agranular leukocytes:
    Monocytes-
    Phagocytic dendritic cells: tissues ‘in envir’
    Macrophages: liver, kidney, and spleen.
    Lymphocytes-
    B cells: produce antibodies
    T cells: helper & cytotoxic T cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are platelets also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the words systole and diastole mean?

A

Contraction of heart muscle & relaxation of heart muscle, respectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

O2-rich blood is pumped from left ventricle into aorta, which branches off to form arteries going to specific organs.

Left ventricle- aorta- superior/inferior vena cava-right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a portal system in blood circulation and give an example.

A

It begins and ends in the capillaries.
Example: hepatic portal system
-assoc w the liver
-capillaries that occur in the villi of small intestine pass into venules that join to form the hepatic portal vein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

List the path of pulmonary circuit.

A

Right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary trunk (divides into right and left pulmonary arteries[O2-poor blood])- pulmonary capillaries (gas exchange occurs [O2-rich blood])- pulmonary venules (lead to 4 pulmonary veins)- left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What elements do living things primarily contain?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Proteins are polymers of

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What chemical elements does DNA contain?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Where are proteins assembled?
In a ribosome
26
Solutions of pH 7 are considered neutral because
They have the same concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
27
Plants can polymerise glucose monomers to make
Cellulose
28
Which of the following is not a function of proteins in cell membranes?
Producing lipid molecules
29
Name the three types of muscles.
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
30
Describe the characteristics of skeletal muscle.
Striated cells Multiple nuclei Voluntary movement of body
31
Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle.
``` Spindle-shaped Single nucleus Not striated Occurs in blood vessel walls Involuntary- peristaltic contractions ```
32
Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle.
``` Branching Striated cells Single nucleus Wall of heart Involuntary ```
33
Vitamins are important components of diet because they
Are part of coenzymes in enzymatic reactions
34
Aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis both
Contain an electron transport chain
35
The end products of photosynthesis are
Oxygen and carbohydrates
36
What is not true of ADH?
It increases urine volume
37
What is the structure responsible for regulating contraction of the atria is the
Sinoatrial node
38
What is the order that blood passes through?
1 4 2 5 3
39
Urea is a byproduct of metabolism of
Proteins
40
Allergens are assoc with immune responses mediated by
IgE
41
What cells, responsible for cell mediated immunity arise in the thymus?
T-lymphocytes
42
Where do sperm cells mature?
In the epididimys.
43
What structures are responsible for moving along mRNAs and translating them?
Ribosomes.
44
If gene for methionine RNA is deleted, what is the immediate effect?
Would not begin protein synthesis.
45
How many amino acids would be found in the translation product resulting from DNA coding region of 450 nucleotides?
150.
46
Correct order for the flow of info in cells?
DNA, mRNA, protein
47
Which of the mRNA sequences would code for two diff amino acids?
GAGAGAGAGAGAGAG.
48
Jacobs syndrome males have genotype XYY, it is caused by
Non-disjunction during meiosis in father
49
Kleinfelters syndrome males have a genotype XXY, this is most likely caused by
Non disjunction during meiosis in the mother
50
Family produces colour-blind daughter, which parent is the source?
Both parents.
51
Small circular DNA molecules used in cloning DNA are called
Plasmids
52
Hypervariable DNA sequences often used for paternity testing and forensics are called
Microsatellites
53
What is an ecosystem service NOT provided by microorganisms?
Pollination.
54
After eight cycles of PCR?
2^8= 256
55
Differences b/n humans in biochemistry, behaviour and disease susceptibility are most commonly caused by
Single nucleotide polymorphisms.
56
Which is likely to be a recognition site for one of the enzymes used in DNA cloning?
GGCGCGCC
57
Restriction enzymes
Recognise and cleave specific DNA sequences
58
The majority of the biomass on planet is
Microbial
59
What are the processes of DNA replication?
1. enzyme DNA helicase unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds. 2. Complementary base pairing by DNA polymerase. 3. Leading strand follows helicase enzyme, while synthesis on lagging strand results in formation of Okazaki fragments. 4. Enzyme DNA ligase connects Okazaki fragments.
60
Gene expression requires which two processes?
Transcription and translation
61
How does transcription begin?
1. Enzyme RNA polymerase binds to promoter. 2. Enzyme opens up DNA helix and complementary base pairing occurs (like replication) 3. RNA polymerase inserts nucleotides = mRNA molecule.
62
What is a codon?
A triplet of nucleotides
63
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UGA, UAG
64
What are the 3 steps of protein synthesis (translation)?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
65
Termination of polypeptide synthesis require what protein?
A release factor
66
What makes the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein?
- Primary structure: linear order of amino acids in a protein. - Secondary structure: folding, linking, or pleating of protein chain due to hydrogen bonding. (alpha helix, pleated sheet arrangement, triple helix structure of collagen) - Tertiary structure: superfolding/complex twisting that yields globules in three-dimensional shape of molecule [conformation] (Eg protein myoglobin) - Quaternary structure: some proteins are composed of two or more separable polypeptide chains. Aggregation of multiple polypeptides to form a single functioning protein.
67
What happens in Prophase I of meiosis?
Homologous chromosomes pair during synapsis.
68
What happens in Telophase I and Prophase II?
Daughter cells have one chromosome from each homologous pair.
69
What occurs in Telophase II?
Spindle disappears, nuclei form, cytokinesis takes place.
70
What are the four main stages of mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

BIOL108 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions