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bio - 1 & 2 > exam revision 1 > Flashcards

exam revision 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

two types of organelles for eukaryotes

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pore complex

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2
Q

carrier proteins

A

permit the passage of specific molecules by facilitated diffusion or active transport

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3
Q

channel proteins

A

a pore through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane to enable water-soluble molecules to pass facilitated diffusion

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4
Q

simple membrane structure

A

phospholipid, fatty acid tails, phosphate heads, carrier proteins, channel proteins and chlosterol

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5
Q

hydrophobic

A

fatty acid tail, doesn’t like water

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

phosphate head, likes water

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7
Q

plasma membrane

A

composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins moving freely within it. It is partially permeable boundary between the internal and external enviroments

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8
Q

phospholipids

A

important components of cellular membranes, they are made up of a hydrophilic head region and hydrophobic

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9
Q

structure of the cellular membrane

A

a cellular membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of different sorts of embedded in it

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10
Q

functions of the plamsa cellmembrane

A

controls what gets into and out of the cells
communication with other cells

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11
Q

fatty acid tails placement

A

the tails touch and close to each other because they want to keep water out cause they are hydrophobic and hanging out where there isn’t any water

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12
Q

osmosis

A

osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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13
Q

isotonic solution

A

having the same solute concentration relative to another solution

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

having a lower solute concentration relative to another solution

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15
Q

hypertonic solution

A

having a higher solute concentration relative to another solution

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16
Q

osmosis cont

A

water molecules will diffuse across a partially permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached

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17
Q

active transport

A

active transport uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient across a partially permeable membrane

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18
Q

active transport cont

A

movement of molecules from regions of high to low concentration across a cellular membrane by a transport protein

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19
Q

cytosis

A

an energy demanding (active) transport mechanism involving the folding of the plasma membrane

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20
Q

endocytosis

A

a type of active transport in which the plasma membrane folds around a substance to transport it across the plasma membrane into the cell

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21
Q

exocytosis

A

active transport process in which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and expels its contents into the extracellular space

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22
Q

binary fission

A

involves the division of the parent body in two fairly equal parts to produce two identical cells

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23
Q

prokaryotes cells

A

these cells arise through the division of existing ones in the process known as binary fission

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24
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle

A

the eukaryotic cell cycle can be divided into phases although the process is continuous. specific cellular events occur in each phase

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25
interphase
the cell increases in size carries out its normal activities and replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division
26
mitosis
the cell nucleus divides into two equal parts which occurs during the m phase
27
cytokinesis
the cell divides and two new daughter cells are produced. it is distinct from mitosis
28
prophase
occurs the first day of mitosis and chromosomes condense and nucleus starts break down
29
metaphase
spindle fibers attach to and organize chromosomes on the equator of the cell, some fibres span the cycle
30
anaphase
spindle fibers attached to chromatids, shorten pulling the chromatids apart
31
telophase
two new nuclei form a furrow forms across the midline of the parent cell, pinching it into two
32
what's the purpose of cytokinesis
to divide the cytoplasm and when that's over it separates it into two daughter cells
33
regulation of the cell cycle
regulatory checkpoints are built into the cell cycle to ensure that the cell is ready to proceed from one phase to the next. failure of these checkpoints could lead to cancer
34
G1 checkpoint
Pass this checkpoint if cell is large enough and if cell has enough nutrients
35
G2 checkpoint
is chromosomes have been successfully duplicated
36
metaphase checkpoint
to pass all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle
37
apoptosis
hi
38
apoptosis
helps maintain adult cell numbers and stops the multiplication of damaged or dangerous cells refers to death of cells
39
stem cells
undifferentiated cells found in the multicellular organisms, they are characterised by the properties of self renewal and potency
40
totipotency
stem cells can differentiate into all cell organisms
41
pluripotency
these stem cells can give rise to any cells of the body except extra embryonic cell
42
multipotency
these adult stem cells can give rise to a limited amount of number of cell types, related to their tissue of origin
43
adult stem cells
undifferentiated cells found in several types of tissues and they are multipotent
44
cellular differentiation
a zygote divides and produces all the cell types in the body by cellular differentiation.
45
endoderm
innermost germ layer differentiates to form the digestive system and glands
46
mesoderm
middle germ layer differentiates to give rise to the muscle
47
ectoderm
outermost germ layer in the fully developed embryo and adult humanthe ectoderm
48
applications of stem cells
stem cells have many potential medical applications, but technical difficulties must be overcome first
49
the hierarchy of life: plants
the structural organization of plants, like all multicellular organisms,
50
cellular level
basic structural and functional units of an organism
51
organelle level
molecules associate together to form the organelles and structural component of cells
52
specialization in cells
the specialized cells in a plant have specific features associated with their particular roles
53
how does cell specialization occur
occurs during development when specific genes are switched on and off
54
specialized guard cells
surround the pores (stomata) on plant leaves. the guard cells flanking the pore control the opening and closing of the stomata.
55
the plant transport system
the xylem and phloem form the vascular tissue that moves fluids and nutrients about the plant
56
what does it transfer and how
move water and nutrients around the plant in order to. meet the plants needs for metabolic processes such a photosynthesis and growth
57
xylem
the xylem is involved in water and mineral transport in vascular plants
58
what is the xylem
is the principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants. Involved in conducting dissolved minerals and in supporting the plant body
59
phloem
phloem is the principle food (sugar) conducting tissue in vascular plants, transporting dissolved sugars around in the plant
60
uptake at the The Root
water uptake by the root is a passive process. The uptake of water and minerals is mostly restricted to the younger formed cells of the roots and root hairs
61
transpiration
water moves through the xylem primarily as a result of evaporation from the leaves and the cohesive and adhesive properties of water molecules
62
transpiration pull
water is lost from the air by evaporation through the stomata. The constant water loss to the air creates a solute concentration in leaves. Water is pulled through the gradient of increasing solute concenteration
63
cohesion tension
assisted by special cohesive properties of wateR. water molecules cling together as they are pulled through the plant. Creates an unbroken column of water which helps the uptake of water in the plant
64
root pressure
water entering the stele from soil creates a root pressure. Root pressure can force water droplets from some small plants under certain conditions
65
translocation
ploem transports the organic products of photosynthesis (sugars) through the plant by translocation
66
homeostasis
refers to the relatively constant physiological state of the bodies despite fluctuations in the external enviroment
67
feedback mechanisms
feedback mechanisms can stimulate biological systems or exaggerate deviations from the median concentration
68
negative feedback
a control system that maintains the bodie internal environment at a relatively steady state
69
positive feedback
mechanisms increase a response in order to achieve a particular result.
70
the endocrine system
the endocrine system is made up of ductless glands, which secrete hormones into the blood. These participate in feedback loops and regulate internal functions
71
endocrine glands
scattered widely throughout the body and their positioning does not necessarily reflect the location
72
hormones
chemical messengers that are produced at one endocrine site and carried in the blood to influence target cells that may be quite distant
73
how the body temp is regulated
temperature regulation is a negative feedback process that is controlled by the hypothalamus
74
hypothalamus
registers change in the core body temperature and also receives information about temperature changes from the thermoreceptors in the skin
75
thermoreceptors
simple sensory receptors that are located in the skin and respond to changes in temperature
76
the thyroid and thermoregulation
hormones regulate many aspects of metabolism. Over and under-protection of hormones can effect metabolic aspects fo thermoreuglation
77
thyroxine T4
T4 production is controlled by negative feedback. This mechanism involves two parts of the brain the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

bio - 1 & 2 (3 decks)

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