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bio - 1 & 2 > exam revision 1 > Flashcards

exam revision 1 Flashcards

1
Q

two types of organelles for eukaryotes

A

nuclear envelope
nuclear pore complex

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2
Q

carrier proteins

A

permit the passage of specific molecules by facilitated diffusion or active transport

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3
Q

channel proteins

A

a pore through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane to enable water-soluble molecules to pass facilitated diffusion

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4
Q

simple membrane structure

A

phospholipid, fatty acid tails, phosphate heads, carrier proteins, channel proteins and chlosterol

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5
Q

hydrophobic

A

fatty acid tail, doesn’t like water

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

phosphate head, likes water

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7
Q

plasma membrane

A

composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins moving freely within it. It is partially permeable boundary between the internal and external enviroments

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8
Q

phospholipids

A

important components of cellular membranes, they are made up of a hydrophilic head region and hydrophobic

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9
Q

structure of the cellular membrane

A

a cellular membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins of different sorts of embedded in it

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10
Q

functions of the plamsa cellmembrane

A

controls what gets into and out of the cells
communication with other cells

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11
Q

fatty acid tails placement

A

the tails touch and close to each other because they want to keep water out cause they are hydrophobic and hanging out where there isn’t any water

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12
Q

osmosis

A

osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a lower solute concentration to a higher solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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13
Q

isotonic solution

A

having the same solute concentration relative to another solution

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14
Q

hypotonic

A

having a lower solute concentration relative to another solution

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15
Q

hypertonic solution

A

having a higher solute concentration relative to another solution

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16
Q

osmosis cont

A

water molecules will diffuse across a partially permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached

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17
Q

active transport

A

active transport uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient across a partially permeable membrane

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18
Q

active transport cont

A

movement of molecules from regions of high to low concentration across a cellular membrane by a transport protein

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19
Q

cytosis

A

an energy demanding (active) transport mechanism involving the folding of the plasma membrane

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20
Q

endocytosis

A

a type of active transport in which the plasma membrane folds around a substance to transport it across the plasma membrane into the cell

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21
Q

exocytosis

A

active transport process in which a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and expels its contents into the extracellular space

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22
Q

binary fission

A

involves the division of the parent body in two fairly equal parts to produce two identical cells

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23
Q

prokaryotes cells

A

these cells arise through the division of existing ones in the process known as binary fission

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24
Q

eukaryotic cell cycle

A

the eukaryotic cell cycle can be divided into phases although the process is continuous. specific cellular events occur in each phase

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25
Q

interphase

A

the cell increases in size carries out its normal activities and replicated its DNA in preparation for cell division

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26
Q

mitosis

A

the cell nucleus divides into two equal parts which occurs during the m phase

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27
Q

cytokinesis

A

the cell divides and two new daughter cells are produced. it is distinct from mitosis

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28
Q

prophase

A

occurs the first day of mitosis and chromosomes condense and nucleus starts break down

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29
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers attach to and organize chromosomes on the equator of the cell, some fibres span the cycle

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30
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers attached to chromatids, shorten pulling the chromatids apart

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31
Q

telophase

A

two new nuclei form a furrow forms across the midline of the parent cell, pinching it into two

32
Q

what’s the purpose of cytokinesis

A

to divide the cytoplasm and when that’s over it separates it into two daughter cells

33
Q

regulation of the cell cycle

A

regulatory checkpoints are built into the cell cycle to ensure that the cell is ready to proceed from one phase to the next. failure of these checkpoints could lead to cancer

34
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Pass this checkpoint if cell is large enough and if cell has enough nutrients

35
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

is chromosomes have been successfully duplicated

36
Q

metaphase checkpoint

A

to pass all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle

37
Q

apoptosis

A

hi

38
Q

apoptosis

A

helps maintain adult cell numbers and stops the multiplication of damaged or dangerous cells refers to death of cells

39
Q

stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells found in the multicellular organisms, they are characterised by the properties of self renewal and potency

40
Q

totipotency

A

stem cells can differentiate into all cell organisms

41
Q

pluripotency

A

these stem cells can give rise to any cells of the body except extra embryonic cell

42
Q

multipotency

A

these adult stem cells can give rise to a limited amount of number of cell types, related to their tissue of origin

43
Q

adult stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells found in several types of tissues and they are multipotent

44
Q

cellular differentiation

A

a zygote divides and produces all the cell types in the body by cellular differentiation.

45
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer
differentiates to form the digestive system and glands

46
Q

mesoderm

A

middle germ layer
differentiates to give rise to the muscle

47
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer
in the fully developed embryo and adult humanthe ectoderm

48
Q

applications of stem cells

A

stem cells have many potential medical applications, but technical difficulties must be overcome first

49
Q

the hierarchy of life: plants

A

the structural organization of plants, like all multicellular organisms,

50
Q

cellular level

A

basic structural and functional units of an organism

51
Q

organelle level

A

molecules associate together to form the organelles and structural component of cells

52
Q

specialization in cells

A

the specialized cells in a plant have specific features associated with their particular roles

53
Q

how does cell specialization occur

A

occurs during development when specific genes are switched on and off

54
Q

specialized guard cells

A

surround the pores (stomata) on plant leaves. the guard cells flanking the pore control the opening and closing of the stomata.

55
Q

the plant transport system

A

the xylem and phloem form the vascular tissue that moves fluids and nutrients about the plant

56
Q

what does it transfer and how

A

move water and nutrients around the plant in order to. meet the plants needs for metabolic processes such a photosynthesis and growth

57
Q

xylem

A

the xylem is involved in water and mineral transport in vascular plants

58
Q

what is the xylem

A

is the principal water-conducting tissue in vascular plants. Involved in conducting dissolved minerals and in supporting the plant body

59
Q

phloem

A

phloem is the principle food (sugar) conducting tissue in vascular plants, transporting dissolved sugars around in the plant

60
Q

uptake at the The Root

A

water uptake by the root is a passive process. The uptake of water and minerals is mostly restricted to the younger formed cells of the roots and root hairs

61
Q

transpiration

A

water moves through the xylem primarily as a result of evaporation from the leaves and the cohesive and adhesive properties of water molecules

62
Q

transpiration pull

A

water is lost from the air by evaporation through the stomata. The constant water loss to the air creates a solute concentration in leaves. Water is pulled through the gradient of increasing solute concenteration

63
Q

cohesion tension

A

assisted by special cohesive properties of wateR. water molecules cling together as they are pulled through the plant. Creates an unbroken column of water which helps the uptake of water in the plant

64
Q

root pressure

A

water entering the stele from soil creates a root pressure. Root pressure can force water droplets from some small plants under certain conditions

65
Q

translocation

A

ploem transports the organic products of photosynthesis (sugars) through the plant by translocation

66
Q

homeostasis

A

refers to the relatively constant physiological state of the bodies despite fluctuations in the external enviroment

67
Q

feedback mechanisms

A

feedback mechanisms can stimulate biological systems or exaggerate deviations from the median concentration

68
Q

negative feedback

A

a control system that maintains the bodie internal environment at a relatively steady state

69
Q

positive feedback

A

mechanisms increase a response in order to achieve a particular result.

70
Q

the endocrine system

A

the endocrine system is made up of ductless glands, which secrete hormones into the blood. These participate in feedback loops and regulate internal functions

71
Q

endocrine glands

A

scattered widely throughout the body and their positioning does not necessarily reflect the location

72
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are produced at one endocrine site and carried in the blood to influence target cells that may be quite distant

73
Q

how the body temp is regulated

A

temperature regulation is a negative feedback process that is controlled by the hypothalamus

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

registers change in the core body temperature and also receives information about temperature changes from the thermoreceptors in the skin

75
Q

thermoreceptors

A

simple sensory receptors that are located in the skin and respond to changes in temperature

76
Q

the thyroid and thermoregulation

A

hormones regulate many aspects of metabolism. Over and under-protection of hormones can effect metabolic aspects fo thermoreuglation

77
Q

thyroxine T4

A

T4 production is controlled by negative feedback. This mechanism involves two parts of the brain the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

bio - 1 & 2 (3 decks)

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