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1
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column

A
  • forms framework of the body
  • supports the body
  • protection of vital organs
  • muscle attachment
  • bone functions
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2
Q

what type of tissue are ligaments?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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3
Q

what type of joint is the intervertebral disk?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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4
Q

wat type of landmarks are spinous and transverse processes

A

protuberance

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5
Q

describe the difference between primary and secondary curvatures

A 
Primary 
- Concave anteriorly 
- develop before birth (tx, sacral)
Secondary 
- Concave posteriorly 
- develop during childhood (cx, lx)
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6
Q

what is the outer layer and the central portion of the intervertebral disk called?

A

Outer layer: Annulus fibrosis

Central portion: Nucleus fibrosis

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7
Q

why is the lumbrosacral joint so susceptible to injuries?

A

It is because of the oblique angle it is on, combined with supporting the weight of the whole body above it.

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8
Q

what is the difference between bilateral and unilateral movement?

A

bilateral is where muscles on either side of the vertebrae contract to perform flexion or extension

Unilateral is where one pair of muscles works, where movement occurs in the coronal planes.

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9
Q

what is the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral movements?

A

ipsi: movement to the same side as the muscle lies
contra: movement to opposite side of where muscle lies

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10
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

This is a fibrous structure that runs down the middle of the abdomen from the xiphiod process to the pubic synthesis, that is an attachment point for abdominal muscles

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11
Q

what is the innervation of the abdominal wall?

A

lower thoracic ventral rami

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12
Q

what type of rami forms the lumbar plexus and what are the major branches?

A
  • ventral rami (L2, 3, 4)
  • femoral nerve
  • obturator nerve
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13
Q

what type of rami forms the sacral plexus and what are the major branches?

A

-lumbrosacral trunk (L4, L5) and Ventral rami (S1, S2, S3)

  • sciatic nerve and its branches
  • sup and inf gluteal nerves
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14
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the main nerves in the lower limb?

A

femoral: runs deep to iniguial ligament
Obturator: exits out of the obturator canal
Sciatic: exits out of the greater sciatic foramen ].

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15
Q

What are the types of bursa and its function?

A
  • it is a pouch of synovial membrane filled with synovial fluid
  • Trochanteric bursa and Illiopsoas bursa
  • Its function id to reduce friction between two structures sliding against each other
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16
Q

What are the articulating surfaces of the hip joint? (coxalfemoral joint)

A
  • acetabalum of the hip

- head of the femur

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17
Q

What are the capsular ligaments in the Hip?

A
  • Iliofemoral
  • Ischiofemoral
  • Pubofemoral
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18
Q

A joint with greater congruency has greater..?

A

Contact, thus greater flexibility eg shoulder joint

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19
Q

When is the Hip most congruent?

A

when it is maximally flexed, abducted or laterally rotated. At this point it is most susceptible to injury.

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20
Q

Which muscles flex and extend the hip?

A

Flex: Illiopsoas and sartorius (also abduction, lat rotation and flex of knee jnt)
Extend: Gluteus maximus

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21
Q

Which muscles abduct the hip?

A
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor magnus (adductor part)
  • gracilis
  • pectineus
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22
Q

What arteries supply the hip?

A

branches of the profunda femoris artery

branch from obturator artery supplies the head of the femur and ligamentum teres

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23
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

base: iniguial ligament
medial: medial border of adductor muscles
lateral: medial border of sartorius muscle

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24
Q

why are plantar flexors more powerful than dorsi flexors?

A
  • increased cross-sectional area of muscle bellies
  • length of lever arm is larger due to longer tendon distance from joint axis
  • have a greater importance in a function basis, as they need to lift the entire body weight for running, walking, jumping, etc.
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25
What is retinaculum and what is its purpose?
this is a dense fibrous connective tissue that prevents the bowstringing of tendons. (holds muscles in place so they can perform the desired movement)
26
what is the innervation of the toe joints
digital branches of nerves: - medial plantar - lateral plantar - deep fibular - superficial fibular
27
why does the metotarsophalangeal (MTPJ) joint have a large range of extension?
This is because our toes must remain in contact with the ground during gait, while the rest of the foot moves over the toes.
28
what is the histological type and functional shape of MTPJ and IPJ?
MTPJ: synovial, ellipsoid IPJ: synovial, hinge
29
what are the movements possible at MTPJ and IPJ?
MTPJ: flexion(some) extension(lots) adduction/abduction (minimal) IPJ: flexion and extension
30
what is the difference between parietal and visceral pleura?
Visceral pleura sits around the organ and on top while the parietal pleura lines the body wall
31
What is the function of pleura and how do they do this?
Pleuras function is to reduce friction between body walls and cavities. There is serous fluid between visceral and parietal pleura to enable this.
32
what are the boundaries of the thorax
Anterior: xiphoid process, costal cartilage manubrium and body of sternum Lateral: Ribs Posterior: Thoracic vertebrae Roof: super pleural membranes Floor: thoracic diaphragm
33
true/false | the trachea lies posterior to the oesophagus
false
34
what are the three branches of the aortic arch?
- brachiocephalic artery (right subclavian and common carotid artery) - left common carotid artery - left subclavian artery
35
what is the function of the extra capsular ligaments of the knee
the medial and lateral collateral ligaments provide support to the knee joint by limiting the lateral and medial openings of the knee joint.
36
What are valgus and varus forces at the knee joint?
- Valgus forces push the knee joint in medially thus stressing the medial collateral ligament - Varus forces push the knee joint laterally, thus stressing the LCL
37
what is the thoracic inlet?
this refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity.
38
what is the nerve and blood supply of each compartment of the lower leg?
ANTERIOR blood supply: Anterior tibial artery Nerve: deep fibular nerve (common fib for TA) LATERAL Blood supply: Fibular/peroneal artery (branches of) Nerve: Superficial fibular nerve POSTERIOR Blood supply: Posterior tibial artery Nerve: tibial nerve.
39
Which nerves run out of the greater sciatic foreamen?
- sup. gluteal nerve - inf gluteal nerve - sciatic nerve
40
what is the nerve and blood supply of each compartment of the thigh?
ANTERIOR Blood supply: Femoral artery Nerve: Femoral Nerve MEDIAL Blood supply: obturator artery Nerve: obturator nerve POSTERIOR Blood supply: profunda femoris artery Nerve: sciatic nerve (Biceps fem short head innervated by common fibular)
41
What is the origin of the femoral nerve?
 L2‐4 post. div’ns of ant.  | primary rami
42
What is the origin of the sciatic nerve?
 L4‐S3 ant. and post. div’ns of ant.  | primary ram
43
What is the origin of the obturator nerve?
 L2‐4 post. div’ns of ant.  | primary rami
44
What actions do mytomes L2,L3 emmit
flexion of the hip
45
which myotomes produce eversion
L5, S1
46
What actions do mytomes L5, S1 produce?
eversion and knee flexion
47
What actions do mytomes L4,L5 emmit
hip extension
48
Give the myotomes for plantar and dorsi flexion
plantar: S1,2 dorsi: L4,5
49
Which myotome is responsible for inversion?
L4
50
Is the flexor retinaculum on the medial or lateral side?
medial
51
What is the ankle or talocrual joint made up of? and what movements are possible?
- tibia - fibula - talus dorsi and plantar flexion
52
What joints make up the tarsal joints? and what movements are possible
- subtalar joint (talus, calcaneus) - talocalcaneonavicular joint (talus, calcaneus, navicular) - midtarsal (talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular) pronation and supination
53
what are the toe joints? what movements are possible?
metotarsalphalangeal (condyloid) interphalangeal (hinge)' flexion and extension, some adduction and abduction for MTPJ
54
what are the meninges?
the three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.
55
What is thorocolumbar fascia and what are its attachment points?
This surrounds the muscles of the back and provides some attachments points for muscles. ATTACHMENTS -anterior and middle layer attaches to transverse process -posterior layer attaches to spinous process.
56
what are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
Superior: semimembranosis, biceps femoris Inferior: gastrocnemius heads and plantaris
57
Which nerves arteries and veins run through the popliteal fossa?
politeal artery and vein tibial nerve common fibular nerve termination of the small saphenous vein
58
what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle? (S.A.I.L)
lateral: medial border of the sartorious medial: medial border of adductor longus muscle superiorly: iniguial ligament floor: illiopsoas, pectineus, adductor longus
59
What runs through the femoral triangle?
- femoral nerve - femoral artery (profunda femoris branch) - femoral vein - lymphatics
60
What does the saying 'tom dick and very naughty harry represent
``` It is the order of theses structures proximal to distal in the tarsal tunnel, under the flexor retinaculum Tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus tibial artery tibial vein tibal nerve flexor hallucis longus ```
61
What are the arches of the foot and the function of each
Medial longitudinal lateral longitudinal transverse arch Support the weight of the body during standing and form a lever to assist in propelling the body during walking, running and jumping.
62
What is the mechanisms of the arches of the foot and provide an example (skaters)
Staples Long and short plantar ligaments Keystone Head of talus Tiebeam Plantar aponeurosis Suspension Tendon of tibialis anterior
63
What is the windlass effect?
This windlass mechanism is a mechanical model that describes the manner which plantar fascia supports the foot during weight-bearing activities and provides information regarding the biomechanical stresses placed on plantar fascia
64
What is lordosis?
A dramatic curve inwards of the lumbar spine
65
``` Where is the line of gravity in relation to: Atlanto-occipital joint Lumbar spine Knee joint Hip joint ```
AO joint: anterior Lx spine: middle Knee joint: anterior Hip joint: posterior.
66
What is the origin and termination for great and short saphenous veins
origin for both: dorsal venous arch SSV: drains into the popliteal fossa, into the popliteal vein. GSV: drains into the femoral vein in the femoral triangle
67
What does the lymphatic system do?
Takes extra fluid from the tissues and puts it back into the circulatory system so it can go around again.
68
What is a lymph node?
this is the meeting point of many lymphatic vessels which drain here and go into one vessel.
69
What are the functions of the pelvis
* weight transfer * support * protection * lower limb attachment * openings for communication * exterior via pelvic outlet * lower limb via others * other skeletal system functions
70
What is the histological classification of pubic synthesis
secondary cartilaginous
71
Describe pelvic tilt movements
- Anterior pelvic tilt: when the front of the pelvis drops (ASIS moves anteriorly and inferiorly) and the back of the pelvis rises (ischial tuberosity moves posteriorly and superiorly) - Posterior pelvic tilt: when the front of the pelvis rises (ASIS moves superiorly and posteriorly) and the back of the pelvis drops (ischial tuberosity moves anteriorly and inferiorly)

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