Exam Revision Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What is persistence?
A
How long a pasture species lasts in the paddock.
2
Q
What was in superphosphate fertiliser?
A
Phosphorus and sulphur.
3
Q
What is topdressing?
A
The aerial application of fertilisers.
4
Q
Approximately 40% of the land area in NZ has which vegetation growing on it?
A
Introduced pasture.
5
Q
New Zealand predominantly has which type of climate?
A
Temperate maritime.
6
Q
The pastures in NZ are…
A
almost entirely based on introduced species.
7
Q
A ryegrass phytomer is likely to have…
A
One leaf, one axillary bud, and after the leaf dies one or more roots.
8
Q
In a ryegrass tiller…
A
There are typically three leaves alive at any one time.
9
Q
A simple model of monthly pasture growth can be developed from?
A
Thermal time and soil moisture.
10
Q
A plant and mycorrhizal fungi association is mutualistic because?
A
The fungi increases phosphate uptake by plant roots and the plant feeds the fungi.
11
Q
Intercropping is?
A
Two crop species that are grown together.
12
Q
Competition is when the interaction between two species is….
A
Negative for both species.
13
Q
The cropping situation in which irrigation is most likely to benefit weeds more than crops is….
A
Well-established lucerne.
14
Q
There would probably be more fathen seedlings germinating….
A
In a paddock following cultivation in September.
15
Q
Red clover requires what to cross pollinate it’s flowers?
A
Honey bees
16
Q
The arable industry in NZ…
A
produces high yields by international standards.
17
Q
Maize is a…
A
monoecious cereal.
18
Q
What is the most likely source of pathogen for cereal yellow dwarf virus disease?
A
Aphid vectors which have been feeding on infected pasture grasses.
19
Q
The asexual spores of most plant pathogenic fungi are called?
A
Conidia.
20
Q
Why is the NZ forest industry based on pine trees?
A
Because native tree species have very poor growth.
21
Q
Secondary growth results from cell division in the?
A
Cambium.
22
Q
What is competition between plants of the same species called?
A
Inter-specific competition.
23
Q
What is competition between plants of different species called?
A
Intra-specific competition.
24
Q
What is the most common type of maize in NZ?
A
Dent maize.
25
In a polycyclic disease, what does the pathogen cause many of during the season?
Secondary infections.
26
Xylem tissue produced in the spring is known as?
Earlywood.
27
The storage organ of a monocotyledon is?
An endosperm.
28
What did the electric fence allow?
A practice known as break-grazing, allowing the rationing of pasture in periods of slow growth.
29
What does gibberellic acid do?
Promotes cell elongation and stimulates short term growth.
30
Phytochrome is a plant protein that...
causes a burst of tillering in grasses after grazing events.
31
What vegetative organ protects the basal meristem (growing point) of a ryegrass plant?
Pseudostem.
32
A phytomer....
Consists of a node, a leaf and axillary bud separated by an internode.
33
Essential nutrients for plants have the following function?
Allow the plant life-cycle to be completed.
34
Which of the following is involved in stomata opening and closing?
ATP
35
What does the vascular cambium produce?
Xylem cells on the inside and phloem on the outside.
36
What are the negative effects of grassland farming?
Soil erosion and loss of habitat.
37
What is relative competitiveness?
The competitiveness of species within the same area - weak or high.
38
From seed, which establish faster; annuals or perennials?
Annuals because they are trying to complete their life cycle very rapidly and put seeds back into the soil.
39
What happens if a perennial weed is trying to re-establish from a root system?
It will grow much faster because of the sugars and energy sources already stored in the tap root.
40
Why does the arable industry tend to dry the grain down before harvest?
Because with high humidity there tends to be more weeds growing.
41
When there is high humidity are you more likely to get disease and why/why not?
Yes, because with high humidity there is better conditions for fungal growth which promotes disease.
42
Why do weeds cause problems during harvesting?
Not only do they cause product taint, but it also makes it hard to seperate the weeds the harvested material due to the pure quantity of vegetation.
43
Before Maori settlers arrived, approximately how much of NZ was covered in natural forest?
75%.
44
By the time European settlement happened, how much had the forest cover fallen to?
53%.
45
How much of New Zealand remains under natural forest?
24%.
46
When did bush burning occur?
From 1840 until the first decades of the 20th century.
47
When was the period when NZ saw the most rapid expansion of sown pasture?
1871 to 1911.
48
What percentage of NZ land is in introduced grassland?
40%.
49
What did the advent of refrigeration allow?
It saved the meat industry and allowed the development of mixed farming systems.
50
Why were legumes introduced?
To introduce nitrogen.
51
Why were high fertility species planted?
To start an initial nutrient flush.
52
What were low-fertility species used for?
To colonise poorer sites.
53
What is our current pasture planting strategy?
Few species.
54
Legumes fix approximately how much nitrogen per year?
50-150kgN/ha/year.
55
What are meristems?
Growth points where cell division occurs.
56
What are phytomers?
Repeating segments of plant growth, that are the basis of plant form and function.
57
What are examples of endogenous signals?
Light & phytochrome and long/short day plants.
58
What are examples of exogenous signals?
Temperature and vernalisation/stratification.
59
What are the functions of a seed?
Dispersal, overwintering/oversummering, carbohydrate storage.
60
What is plumule?
An embryonic shoot.
61
What is radicle?
An embryonic root.
62
What are the requirements for germination?
Water, oxygen, appropriate temperature and any dormancy condition must be overcome.
63
What is hypogeal germination?
Cotyledons remain below ground.
64
What is epigeal germination?
Cotyledons are raised above ground.
65
What does the apical/basal meristem of the shoot produce?
The phytomers.
66
Where does cell division of undifferentiated cells occur?
Meristems.
67
What are the 4 meristem types?
Apical, intercalary, vascular cambium, cork cambium.
68
Where are apical meristems located?
Growing tips of shoots or roots.
69
Basal meristems occur when?
The material is produced then forced out from the base of the plant.
70
Where is the intercalary meristem?
At the base of nodes and grass leaf blades.
71
Accumulation of herbage mass during pasture regrowth over time typically follows as?
An s-shaped (sigmoidal) curve response.
72
Do both primary and secondary growths occur in grasses?
No, just primary.
73
What percentage of water are crop and pasture plants usually?
70-90%.
74
What are the significant water uses in plants?
Photosynthesis, cell structure and nutrient transportation.
75
What external stimuli are the main triggers to permit plants to flower and thus produce seeds?
Vernalisation and day length.
76
Hardseedness is typical of what family of plants?
Fabaceae (legumes)
77
What is analytical purity?
Analytical purity indicates the proportion of a seed lot which is pure seed of the species concerned.
78
What is cultivar purity?
Cultivar purity is also known as genetic purity and is determined by testing heritable characteristics.
79
What are ways you can reduce infection go foliar disease net blotch on barley?
Seed treatment (fungicide seed-dressings), foliar sprays and crop hygiene (burning or deep ploughing of stubble).
80
What are examples of key management decisions used to maximise seed production and quality in perennial ryegrass?
Seed bed preparation, planting date, shutting of the paddock, windowing and desiccation.
81
What part of grasses do grass grub feed on?
Roots.
82
What part of grasses do porina feed on?
Foliage.
83
How do pest insects feed?
Biting and chewing.
84
How many eggs does a porina grub produce per year?
2000
85
How many eggs does a grass grub produce per year?
20-25
86
What part of the grass grub insect do insecticides attack?
The stomach, poisoning from within.
87
What part of the porina insect do insecticides attack?
It is an insect growth regulator and means the insect skin can't rupture and remove old skin.
88
What are chill units?
A metric of a plants exposure to chilling temperatures.
89
What is spot form of net blotch?
Dark brown spots.
90
What is net form of net blotch?
Dark brown streaks along and across leaf blades.
91
How is net blotch and splotch disease caused?
By Pyrenophora teres fungus.
92
What plant does net blotch and splotch disease caused?
Barley.
93
How is powdery mildew contracted?
Blumeria graminis which are obligate parasites.
94
How would you recognise powdery mildrew?
White, powdery colonies that develop of the surface of leaves and shoots.
95
How is powdery mildrew spread?
Infections on volunteers. Spores released from fruiting bodies in crop debris may infect crops in the spring.
96
What are the control methods for powdery mildrew?
Resistant varieties and fungicides. Also destruction of crop debris and volunteers.
97
How is rust disease caused?
Cereal rusts are caused by obligate parasites.
98
What are the symptoms of rust disease?
Lesions and masses of powdery spores produced on the surface. Summer spores are bright yellow/orange or brown but in autumn many rusts produce a black spore.
99
What are the three types of rust disease?
Yellow or stripe rust, stem rust and leaf rust.
100
How is rust disease spread?
Rust spores are transmitted from plant to plant on the wind.
101
What is the effect on the plant from rust disease?
Early infections can cause a reduced root system, later infections cause reduced grain numbers and grain size.
102
How do you control rust disease?
Resistant varieties, fungicide application and control of volunteers.
103
How is take all disease caused?
By Gaumannomyces graminis fungi.
104
What are symptoms of take all disease?
Patches of stunted plants or weeds and black pinhead sized fruiting bodies.
105
What are the main control methods of take all disease?
Rotation, destruction of stubble and control of perennial regresses.
106
How is yellow dwarf virus transmitted?
The principal vector is aphids.
107
What are barley symptoms of yellow dwarf virus?
A golden yellow chlorosis at leaf tips.
108
What are wheat symptoms of yellow dwarf virus?
Same as barley but more severe.
109
What are control methods for yellow dwarf virus?
Late planting, foliar insecticides and insecticides at planting.
110
What is phytochrome involved in?
Day length and light/shade responses.
111
What is the plant organ responsible for perennial ryegrass persistence?
Stolons or true stems.
112
The term relative growth rate means...
It can be conceptualised as a % change in weight per unit time.
113
When Rhizobium bacteria infect legumes they...
Form a mutualistic association.
114
What would you create a simple model of monthly pasture growth from?
Sunshine hours and soil temperature.
115
What does a fundamental niche for a plant mean?
The environmental boundaries for a species.
116
AR37 is a strain of....
Endophyte.
117
Nodding thistle is a what type of weed?
Biennial.
118
Weed seeds are more likely to germinate when?
Following cultivation.
119
What is the name given to legume seed that cannot imbibe and begin germination because the seedcoat has become impermeable to water?
Hard seededness.
120
Why are germination tests done under controlled under ideal conditions in the seed lab?
To reduce variation of results between different seed testing labs.
121
What does the vascular cambium produce?
Xylem cell on the inside and phloem on the outside.
122
Small end diameter is an important log quality attribute because it....
influences recovery of sawn timber from a log.
