Exam revision quiz Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Which of these is not an endotherm
- brooding female python
- mammals
- operophtera, a night flying moth
- birds
A
- operophtera, a night flying moth
2
Q
The heartwood of a tree consists of
A
non functional xylem
3
Q
Soil salinity impedes plant growth because
A
The salt ions are toxic to plant metabolism when at high concentrations
4
Q
a 1 osmolar solution has an osmotic pressure equivalent to
A
224 m of water
5
Q
most aquatic animals excrete nitrogenous waste as
A
ammonia
6
Q
Land plants evolved from
A
Multicellular, fresh water green algae
7
Q
Nitrogen is an essential macronutrient for plants because
a. it is an essential element of proteins
b. it is a constituent of membrane lipids
c. both (a) and (d)
d. It is a constituent of nucleic acids
A
both (a) and (d)
it is an essential element of proteins
It is a constituent of nucleic acids
8
Q
A barnacle larva is a tiny animals with short hairy appendages that floats in the open ocean before selecting a suitable substrate on which to settle.
It then metamorphoses into an adult barnacle and cements itself in place.
The barnacle has a larval phase that is _ and _, followed by an adult stage that is _ and _.
A
The barnacle has a larval phase that is PELAGIC and PLANKTONIC, followed by an adult stage that is SESSILE and BENTHIC.
9
Q
Which of the following statements about flight is true?
- Lift is produced to counteract drag
- Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of air movement
- Lift and drag are independent of the angle of attack
- Low aspect ration wings produce the most lift for the least amount of drag
A
- Lift acts perpendicular to the direction of air movement
10
Q
Which type of animal-mediated pollination is exceptionally abundant in global terms in southwest australia and the campos rupestre uplands of brazil?
- Beetle
- Bee
- Bird
- Butterfly
A
- Bird
11
Q
In foregut fermentation:
A
sugars and starches are metabolised by microbes
12
Q
A marine organism is observed to release a large number of very small eggs. Soon after being released, eggs hatch and rapidly develop into a form that is morphologically very different to the parent. This organism must therefore use what type of reproductive strategy?
- direct development
- indirect development
- protandry
- parthenogenesis
A
INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT
13
Q
Which of these mammals is known to supercool?
a. polar bear
b. arctic fox
c. leopard seal
d. arctic ground squirrel
A
arctic ground squirrel
14
Q
A commensal symbiotic relationship between two individual organisms indicates that
A
one individual benefits, the other remains unaffected.
15
Q
Water use efficiency is highest for plants with:
C3
C4
CAM
A
CAM photosynthesis ! (think cactuses in a desert)
16
Q
Thylakoid membranes contain protein complexes for:
A
- light-harvesting system
- electron transport system
- ATP synthesising system
^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
17
Q
Which vertebrate has a slightly open circulatory system?
- Teleost fish
- Hagfish
- Embryonic mammal
- Bird embrup
A
The HAGFISH of course
18
Q
The pharyngeal structures of early chordates were modified through evolution to provide a range of functions including:
A
- hearing
- gas exchange
- gills
^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
19
Q
The oxygen in the atmosphere was produced…
A
First by anaerobic bacteria then plants
20
Q
Whales do not experience the bends because…
A
air is compressed and pushed out of their lungs when diving
21
Q
Animals that show direct development are likely to…
a. have a large number of offsrping
b. be adapted to reproduce quickly and cheaply
c. live in a heterogenous environment where it is best to keep offspring close to parent
d. be good colonizers of new habitats
A
c. live in a heterogenous environment where it is best to keep offspring close to parent
22
Q
When a plant cell loses water and decreases in volume, the…
A
PRESSURE POTENTIAL DEcreases and OSMOTIC POTENTIAL DEcreases
ie. Osmotic potential more negative
23
Q
The function of the guard cells is to
A
Control the exchange of gases (CO2 and water vapour) between leaves and the atmosphere
24
Q
In the majority of plant species SELF-POLLINATION results in…
- less offspring
- increased fitness
- less offspring and genetic defects
- ability to colonise isolated habitats
A
- less offspring and genetic defects
25
Ma means...
x 1000 000 years ago
| x MILLION years ago
26
Echinoderms...
1. have a water vascular system of radial muscles that pump water through the animal
2. are marine animals that have five-rayed symmetry and no head
3. have an external skeleton composed of spicules which give it's "spiny skin"
^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
27
Most bivalves ...
1. have two shell plates which enclose the body
2. have no distinct head
3. use cilia on their gills to filter feed
^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
28
Mammalian lungs...
1. have gas echange in ALVEOLI
2. have a small diffusion distance between air and blood at the exchange surface
3. Are a spongy mass of branching ducts and cupped-shaped gas-exchange chambers
^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
29
Peristaltic locomotion is dependent on...
1. Segments filled with COELOM
2. Segments under HYDRO-STATIC PRESSURE
3. Segments controlled by individual MUSCLES & NERVES
^^^^ ALL OF THESE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
30
All craniates have:
1. a distinct head with a cranium
2. a backbone composed of vertebrae
3. dermal bones
4. a bony endoskeleton
1. a distinct head with a cranium
31
Some aquatic animals can tolerate environmental temperatures lower than the freezing point of their body fluids by ....
tolerating freezing of their EXTRACELLULAR but NOT INTRACELLULAR fluids
32
What plant nutrients are strongly linked to the process of photosynthesis
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulphur
^^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE
33
What has the longest reproductive organ relative to its' body size?
a. tapeworm
b. asteroidea
c. barnacle
d. errant polycheata
BARNACLE!
oh, barnacles !!!!!!
34
Self-pollination is not normally advantageous, except when...
1. there are more female flowers than male flowers in a plant population
2. A heat wave strikes
3. There are more male flowers than female flowers in a plant population
4. Plants colonize island-like habitats as single seeds
4. Plants colonize island-like habitats as single seeds
35
Debate on the impact of aboriginal people on megafaunal extinction persists because
It is difficult to disentangle climatic impacts, direct hunting pressure and firestick farming effects in the archaeological record
36
Cladistic analysis involves the comparison of
SHARED CHARACTERISTICS
37
Which of the following is NOT TRUE for an ECTOTHERM...
1. body temp determined primarily by heat exchange with their environment
2. cannot thermoregulate
3. Metabolic rate increases exponentially with body temp with a Q10 of about 2.5
4. metabolic heat production is sufficiently low as to be ineffective in controlling body temp.
2. cannot thermoregulate
| - they thermoregulate by interacting with their environment
38
Stomata open by...
1. Guard cells taking up ions and water follows;
2. which increases turgor in the two guard cells and;
3. these cells push apart owing to their structure.
39
Brooding female diamond pythons are...
endothermic
40
In oogenesis...
the secondary oocyte divides asymetrically to produce an egg and a non-functional polar body
41
Which of the following describes the source of energy and nutrients for an autotroph?
1. inorganic materials
2. plant foliage
3. Animal tissues
4. photosynthetic symbiotic microbes
4. photosynthetic symbiotic microbes
42
External fertilization...
1. is a mechanism by which fertilization is assured
2. does not require the maintenance of complex reproductive organs
3. is a low risk reproductive strategy with high survival
4. will result in offspring identical to parents
2. does not require the maintenance of complex reproductive organs
43
Asexual reproduction involves...
- fusion of gametes
- meiosis
- one parent
- all answers correct
ONE PARENT, duh
44
a Phytochrome is a
photoreceptor sensitive to light in the red and far-red regions of the spectrum
45
In order of water-use efficiency (WUE), from highest to lowest, for leaves with diff types of photosynthesis is....
CAM > C4 > C3
46
Considering the SLOSS debate on the size of conservation areas, several small conservation areas within an OCBIL are likely to match conservation objectives because of...
a. low levels of genetic diversity
b. high levels of endemism
c. ability of species to rapidly spread to new habitats
d. high frequency of disturbance
b. high levels of endemism
47
In the linnaean hierarchy, which of the following taxonomic orders includes all the others?
1. Phylum
2. Family
3. Order
4. Genus
1. Phylum , duh
48
Which of the following avenues for heat exchange is NOT important for an endothermic animal (eg. Kangaroo)?
- evaporation
- convection
- condensation
- radiation
CONDENSATION
49
In animal cells, diffusion is only effective...
1. for oxygen; other substances are actively transported
2. when animals are active
3. over distances less than one or two millimetres
4. across membranes
3. over distances less than one or two millimetres
50
Ka means....
x 1 000 years ago
| x THOUSAND years ago
51
What plant traits might be most useful for restoring regions with elevated water tables in Southern Australia?
1. Deep roots
2. Salt tolerance
3. Waterlogging tolerance
^^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE
52
Mychorrhiza
- are no benefit to plant growth and development
- only developed with evolution of flowering plants
- infect 90% of all land plants
- are major plant pathogens in forest trees
Infect 90% of all land plants
53
Being a hermaphrodite is a successful reproductive strategy because...
it effectively doubles the reproductive potential of the population
54
An ONTOGENETIC shift in a species life history indicates...
different habitat use by different lifestages
55
A hyphal cell contains two haploid nuclei that came from different sources. Such a cell would be described as...
heterokaryotic
56
How many separate atria are present in the hearts of modern amphibians?
Two
57
Microorganisms have diversified for over ___ billion years compared to only ___ million years for macroorganisms. The great biodiversity of the microbial world has yet to be discovered
Microorganisms have diversified for over 3.85 billion years compared to only 600 million years for macroorganisms. The great biodiversity of the microbial world has yet to be discovered
58
Animals that depend largely on external heat sources to maintain body temperatures above ambient are referred to as...
ectotherms
59
In the southwest australian floristic region, which of the following has the highest percentage of threatened endemic plants?
1. undulating terrain
2. young fertile lowlands/wetlands
3. old infertile uplands
4. coastal dunes
OLD INFERTILE UPLANDS
60
Which layer is NOT present in the body wall of a cnidarian?
- Ectoderm
- Endoderm
- Mesoglea
- Mesoderm
Mesoderm
61
Animals that change their resting metabolic rate in response to seasonal changes in their environment...
1. undergo adaptation
2. undergo acclimatisation
3. show genotypic plasticity
4. undergo acclimation
2. undergo ACCLIMATISATION
62
Air and water have very different properties as respiratory media.. Which of the following is CORRECT?
1. the solubility of O2 in air and water is the same
2. O2 is more soluble in water than CO2
3. Compared to water, air provides a greater resistance to diffusion of both O2 and CO2
4. the capacitance of O2 and CO2 in air is the same
4. the capacitance of O2 and CO2 in air is the same
63
What affects plant growth and development?
1. Day length
2. Gravity
3. Temperature
^^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE
64
Which two forms of locomotion are based on similar fluid-dynamic concepts?
flying and swimming
65
Which of the following classes of annelids have parapodia?
- Oligochaeta
- Polychaeta
- Hirudinea
- Clitellata
POLYCHAETA - remember our little worm from the lab?
66
In animal development, cleavage refers to...
a series of MITOTIC divisions of the ZYGOTE withOUT any increase in embryo size
67
For an organism to reproduce sexually it is necessary ..
for a haploid gamete to form
68
Xylem cells in flowering plants...
include vessels and tracheids
69
Which of the following statements is true?
1. Metabolic rate is independent of body mass
2. A large animal has a lower absolute metabolic rate than a small animal
3. A large animal has a higher mass-specific metabolic rate than a small animal
4. A large animal has a higher absolute metabolic rate than a small animal
4. A large animal has a higher absolute metabolic rate than a small animal
70
Under waterlogged conditions
lack of O2 is likely to result in decreased root growth
71
Gastropods living within mussel beds that remove macroalgae by grazing can be described as in a ___ relationship
Mutualistic relationship
72
Amphibians, when resting,
1. rarely use their skin for gas exchange
2. use only their gills for gas exchange
3. primarily absorb O2 via the lungs and lose carbon dioxide through the skin
4. absorb oxygen through their skin and lose CO2 through their gills
3. primarily absorb O2 via the lungs and lose carbon dioxide through the skin
73
hat term best describes fungi that live in partnership with another fungi?
Mutualist
74
The direction of the flow of sugars in the phloem is:
Either upwards or downwards, depending on the location of the sink
75
Ga means...
x 1 000 000 000 years ago
| x BILLION years ago
76
Metabolic rate can be measured as
1. Heat production
2. Rate of oxygen consumption
3. Rate of carbon dioxide production
^^^ All of the answers are correct
77
Diploblastic animals...
are able to form tissues but not organs
78
Which of the following are NOT plant adaptations to nutrient poor soils?
1. Cluster roots
2. Exudation of organic acids and enzymes
3. Symbioses between roots and microorganisms
4. Root mucilage sheath
4. Root mucilage sheath
79
The body water content of a typical animal is about
0.7 (70%)
80
Manganese deficiency disorders in plants...
typically show up in the youngest leaves, due to the alkaline pH of the phloem, at which manganese is poorly soluble, and so phloem immobile
81
sea grasses are pollinated by...
Water currents transporting pollen to stigmas
82
A secondary consumer is an animal that feeds on...
herbivores
83
Radial symmetry is characteristic of animals that...
1. have tentacles
2. are filter feeders
3. are attached to a substrate
4. are toxic to their predators
3. are attached to a substrate
84
Parapodia are used in __, __ and __.
gas exchange, locomotion and feeding
85
Which part of the ruminant stomach "has leaves like a book" for physical mixing and grinding?
Omasum
86
Chose the incorrect option: Cordyceps is
1. A fungus known to attack underground invertebrates
2. Has potent curative properties
3. Is one of the most expensive fungal products known
4. Can form mycorrhizal associations with montane conifers
4. Can form mycorrhizal associations with montane conifers (INCORRECT about cordyceps)
87
An advantage of sexual reproduction is
novel genetic combinations may help the offspring's survival
88
Eukaryotes (select the choice that is incorrect)
1. Have a nucleus
2. Have complex cellular structure
3. Have plastids
4. Represent the third great group of organisms on earth
4. Represent the third great group of organisms on earth
| incorrect about eukaryotes
89
To photosynthesise, land plants require
light, carbon dioxide and water
90
What is required for efficient gas exchange across a respiratory organ?
A highly vascularised respiratory surface
91
Asexual reproduction methods in plants include
spore formation and vegetative propagation
92
in mammalian hearts...
systemic pressure is higher than pulmonary pressure
93
green algae are classed as...
1. Phaeophyta
2. Rhodophyta
3. Chlorophyta
4. Zooxanthellae
Chlorophyta
94
In species of hard coral such as Acropora sp, the sexual reproductive component of the life cycle provides
a mechanism for dispersal
95
A structure found in lancelets (cephalochordates) but not in tunicates (urochordates) is
segmental blocks of muscle for movement
96
Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in plants include:
1. Death of the terminal bud
2. Leaves are chlorotic
3. Plants are stunted
ALL OF THE ABOVE ^^^
97
The response of root-to-shoot ratio of plants to nitrogen deficiency is
1. For this ratio to INCREASE,
2. owing to DECREASED production of CYTOKININ in the roots and
3. thus less cytokinin arriving at the shoots
4. resulting in a greater inhibition of shoot growth relative to root growth
98
The limbs of tetrapods (amphibians, birds, reptiles and mammals) are
derived from the fins of lobe-finned fish
99
Biodiversity is defined as the number, relative abundance and genetic diversity of organisms from all habitats, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic systems, and the ecological complexes and processes of which they are part The term was coined in:
1988
100
The "step" increase in metabolic rate of ectothermic animals compared to unicellular organisms is thought to reflect
higher surface area hence exchange of animal cells
101
most bivalves
1. have two shell plates which enclose the body
2. have no distinct head
3. use cilia on their gills to filter feed
ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CORRECT ^^^
102
Plants risk xylem embolism when:
The soil is dry and evaporative demand is high
103
The typical shoot elongation response of shade-avoiding plants is
For stem extension rate to INCREASE soon after the ratio of red:far-red light DECREASES
104
Ironstone communities are inhabited by a range of endemic species because...
Species that do not inhabit ironstone communities lack the specialised roots to secure sufficient water in summer
105
What is a major cost to a marine animal?
low oxygen concentration
106
Which of the following do not occur in both mitochondria and chloroplasts?
1. The generation of ATP
2. The ability to generate an electrochemical gradient across an inner membrane
3. The use of O2 to produce water
4. The transport of electrons by protein complexes
3. The use of O2 to produce water
107
Records of five previous mass extinctions in the fossil record have been linked to evidence of
vulcanism and/or meteor impacts
108
When compared to animal tissues, plant tissues are
generally less nutritious
109
Temperature is
1. total kinetic energy content of all molecules
2. average kinetic movement of molecules
3. is not an important abiotic factor for animals
4. inversely related to metabolic rate for animals
2. average kinetic movement of molecules
110
Heterotrophs need
to acquire organic compounds from other organisms
111
About a third of orchids adopt a pollination strategy that provides no reward to insects. This is achieved through:
Mimicry, including sexual deception
112
Bryoza feed using
a lophophore
113
Chlorophyll is a pigment that shows strong absorption of
red and blue light
114
The respective ATP yields from anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of one glucose are
2 and >30 ATP
115
In the tropics, it is predicted by climate change models that
temperature will increase and rainfall will increase
116
Water rises to the top of tall trees in the xylem
Due to the suction tension and cohesion of water molecules
117
YODFELs are:
Young landscapes that are fertile and frequently disturbed
118
Siphonophores are made up of polymorphic
zooids
119
Australian agriculture overcomes nutrient limitations to crops by:
1. Intercropping using legumes
2. Applying phosphate fertilisers
^^^ BOTH ARE CORRECT
120
Organisms that live at lower temperatures have?
| More __ and less __ bonds
More hydrogen and fewer hydrophobic bonds
121
Pollen can be moved between various land plants in a variety of ways, including:
Insects (such as bees, wasps, moths, butterflies), birds, bats, non-flying mammals, and wind
122
Conservation corridors connecting OCBIL conservation areas are likely to
enable invasive species to establish in new habtiats
123
Which animal does NOT belong to the phylum cnidaria?
1. Sea star
2. Coral
3. Jellyfish
4. Sea anemone
Sea star
124
Which of the following has the highest % starches/sugars
1. whole mammal
2. insects
3. fruit
4. grasses
3. fruit
125
Fungi are primary recyclers of organic material because (select the choice that is INCORRECT)
1. They can digest lignin but not wood
2. Grow by extension of a chitinous tube that exudes enzymes to dissolve substrates
3. They can digest all parts of a plant both living and dead
4. Release organic breakdown products back to the environment
1. They can digest lignin but not wood
| THEY CAN DIGEST BOTH
126
In SW WA, Polination by animals typically occurs in
dense habitats
127
The veins of vertebrates
carry blood towards the heart
128
Potassium and calcium are positively charged ions
They can be taken up by roots via ion channels
129
Chose the correct option: Flowering plants evolved
Around 140 million years ago
130
Halophytes (salt-tolerant plants)
Accumulate ions in cell vacuoles and organic solutes in the cytoplasm for osmotic adjustment
131
Which has the highest percentage of threatened species among the five groups of plants included in the Sampled Red List Index project conducted by the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, the Natural History Museum and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature?
Gymnosperms
132
The leaves of aquatic plants (living underwater) are different to leaves of terrestrial plants (living with shoots in air) in the following ways
Leaves of aquatic plants lack stomata and chloroplasts are abundant in the epidermis
133
Bacteria are prokaryotes because they
lack a nucleus
134
OCBILs are most commonly seen today in:
Southwest Australia
135
In plants, the substances known as assimilates are
the end products of photosynthesis
136
A relatively large proportion of plant species in south-western Australia is endemic:
1. Because of the young age of the landscape
2. As they are all restricted to nutrient rich soils
3. Which is typical for old climatically-buffered landscapes
4. Because of the isolation of the continent
3. Which is typical for old climatically-buffered landscapes
137
Which statement about suspension feeding is NOT TRUE?
1. Suspension feeding is a mechanism by which food particles are removed from the water column
2. All sessile animals are suspension feeders and all suspension feeders are sessile
3. Suspension feeders can use crowns of tentacles, modified legs or mucous nets to trap passing particles
4. Suspension feeding is a strategy that involves carnivory, omnivory and/or detritivory
2. All sessile animals are suspension feeders and all suspension feeders are sessile (NOT TRUE)
138
The mouse-elephant curve (which relates body mass and metabolic rate) demonstrates that
large animals require less energy per gram of body mass than small ones
139
Sharks maintain high levels of urea in their body fluids. This...
avoids the need to drink seawater to replace body water lost by osmosis
140
1080 poison can be used in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region to kill feral foxes and cats without significant destruction of native vertebrates because:
Native poison peas (Gastrolobium) have fluoracetate resembling 1080 in their leaves and the native herbivores have coevolved resistance to the poison
141
Mosses share in common with angiosperms an ability to reproduce by spores. T or F?
FALSE
142
Which species in the following animal phyla are always segmented?
1. Nematodes
2. Molluscs
3. Annelids
4. Annelids and nematodes
Annelids
143
Management to reduce the spread of dryland salinity is possible by
Planting more perennial species, both on recharge zones and discharge zones
144
Terrestrial animals
are all ionoregulators
145
A heliotherm is...
an ectotherm that thermoregulates by basking in the sun
146
Conservation on old landscapes requires different approaches to that on young landscapes, such as:
1. Providing space for the biodiversity
2. Minimising soil removal via bulldozing etc, as well as minimising importation of nutrients and pollution causing climate change
3. Minimising importation of alien plants, animals and diseases, and controlling where possible
^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE
147
Pangaea was a supercontinent in existence __ million years ago
250 million years ago
148
Cutaneous gas exchange is
common for annelid worms
149
Reptiles are not considered a monophyletic group This is because
birds should be classified together with reptiles as a single lineage
150
All modern molluscs have retained the radula, EXCEPT
bivalves
151
Porcelain and hermit crabs are
1. obligate detritivores
2. obligate filter feeders
3. obligate predators
4. generalists feeders
4. generalists feeders
152
Mollusca secrete their shell using the
1. mantle
2. coelum
3. gills
4. foot
1. Mantle
153
Cells produced specifically during cleavage are called
blastomeres
154
Physical seed dormancy is
When seeds only have a physical barrier to germination
155
Asexual reproduction in flowering plants
1. produces new individuals by meiosis
2. involves two parents
3. generates genetic variation within populations
4. produces offspring genetically identical to the parents
4. produces offspring genetically identical to the parents
156
The rate of water loss from a leaf to the atmosphere will be determined by:
The gradient in water vapour concentration (or vapour pressure deficit) between the outside air and the interior of the leaf, as well as the stomatal conductance
157
What does a biologist mean when they write about a "strategy" that is used by an animal species?
The way by which an animal achieves something that affects its fitness
158
Which animal has a simple diffusion lung?
1. mammal
2. bird
3. pulmonate snail
4. fish
pulmonate snail
159
Fertilization in plants is indicated by:
The sperm cells delivered by a pollen tube fuses with the egg inside of an ovule
160
In plants, the portions of the stems between the points of leaf attachment are called
internodes
161
Which feature is NOT found in nematodes?
1. A mouth and an anus
2. Segmentation
3. Anterior sense organs
4. Small, tapering, cylindrical bodies
2. SEGMENTATION (not found in nematodes)
162
It may be considered that amphibians have NOT become fully adapted to a terrestrial environment because
most species have a tadpole larva that needs free water
163
It may be considered that amphibians have NOT become fully adapted to a terrestrial environment because
most species have a tadpole larva that needs free water
164
When compared with its rate of diffusion in air, the rate of diffusion of a gas in water
1. is faster
2. is the same
3. is slower
4. is strongly dependent on the temperature of the water
3. is slower
165
Phosphorus is essential for plant life, because
A) Phosphate is a major component of bones
B) Phosphorus is an essential component of RNA
C) Phosphorus is an essential component of DNA
D) Option B and option C
D) Option B and option C
- Phosphorus is an essential component of RNA
- Phosphorus is an essential component of DNA
166
The osmotic concentration in the body fluids of an osmoconformer is
similar to the concentration in the external environment
167
On the edge of the Eromanga Sea 120 million years ago, a high latitude Australian archipelago of the east Gondawana peninsula had which animal genus represented today by fossils?
1. Macropus
2. Muttaburrasaurus
3. Ornithorhynchus
4. Tarsipes
2. Muttaburrasaurus
168
Which of the following structures is least likely to have a countercurrent heat exchange system
1. beaver tail
2. gull leg
3. human ear
4. tarsier arm
3. human ear
169
When under attack by predatory whelks, mussels may
attach BYSSUS threads to the whelk to trap it
170
Pollination is:
1. The production of seeds by plants
2. The transfer of pollen to stigmas
3. The production of pollen by plants
4. The movement of animals between plants
2. The transfer of pollen to stigmas
171
Which of the following statements about bony fish in marine environments is true?
1. They maintain a high internal osmotic concentration relative to sea water
2. They lose ions to their environment by diffusion
3. They gain water by osmosis from sea water
4. They produce minimal amounts of urine
A
172
Which of the following statements about bony fish in marine environments is true?
1. They maintain a high internal osmotic concentration relative to sea water
2. They lose ions to their environment by diffusion
3. They gain water by osmosis from sea water
4. They produce minimal amounts of urine
4. They produce minimal amounts of urine
173
Arbuscular mycorrhizas are symbiotic structures that enhance a plant's capacity to acquire phosphorus:
They enhance the surface available for uptake of poorly available nutrients, in particular phosphorus
174
The most significant impact on evolutionary events in Australia 30-40 million years ago was:
The separation from Antarctica and onset of global cooling and aridity
175
The definition of zooplankton is an animal that is
floating or weakly swimming
176
Factors affecting metabolic rate include all of the following, EXCEPT
1. level of activity
2. darkness
3. body temperature
4. stage of development
2. darkness
177
In southwestern Australia, which habitats are likely to have a special vulnerability to top-soil disturbance?
old infertile uplands
178
Mammal pollination is found mainly in:
Southern Hemisphere continents
179
Although echinoderms appear to have radial symmetry, their bilateral origins are revealed by
1. the shape of their water vascular system
2. the symmetry of their larvae
3. their baso-lateral anatomy
4. the development of an oral/aboral surface
2. the symmetry of their larvae
180
Vertebrae...
1. have ventral projections that surround and protect the nerve cord
2. do not occur in gnathostomes
3. are characteristic of all chordates
4. surround and replace the notochord during embryonic development
4. surround and replace the notochord during embryonic development
181
Which groups of vertebrates have a completely divided double-circuit circulatory system?
Only birds and mammals
182
Old landscapes:
1. Have all been glaciated recently
2. Are frequently disturbed, for example by landslides or earthquakes
3. Are very common
4. Are relatively rare and very biodiverse
4. Are relatively rare and very biodiverse
183
The kingdom Fungi is believed to have evolved from
1. euglenoids
2. choanoflagellates
3. green algae
4. mycetozoa
2. choanoflagellates
184
Chose correct option: Mycorrhiza are thought to have
1. been the early roots of land plants
2. evolved from a parasitic relationship with algae
3. suppressed production of roots in early land plants
4. only developed in early land conifers
1. been the early roots of land plants
185
Hyphal growth is best described as
1. meristematic
2. apical
3. lateral
4. branched
2. apical
186
Circulation in amphibians has which of the following features?
1. An unseparated blood stream and a three-chambered heart
2. A partially separated blood stream and a two-chambered heart
3. Completely separated blood streams and a four-chambered heart
2. A partially separated blood stream and a three-chambered heart
4. A partially separated blood stream and a three-chambered heart
187
Amphibians differ from other tetrapods in that they
have a permeable outer body covering
188
The first law of thermodynamics states that
Energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed
189
Examples of direct plant-insect interactions include:
Pollination, herbivory and carnivory
190
As a group, the most threatened organisms today are found in which of the following:
1. Birds
2. Plants
3. Amphibians
4. Mammals
3. Amphibians
191
Phylum Zygomycota is a group of fungi that is characterised by
having a thick-walled structure surrounding a diploid zygote
192
Which plant group arrived and expanded in Australia as aridification of the deserts expanded substantially?
Daisies
193
Plant growth responses are regulated by
1. change in hormone levels
2. changes in sensitivity of plant tissues to hormones
3. environmental stimuli
^^^ All of the answers are correct
194
Gastrulation is a critical stage in early development because
it produces the germ layers that will go on to form tissues
195
In Australian deserts, a globally exceptionally rich group of animals is:
1. marsupials
2. honeyeaters
3. termites
4. reptiles
4. REPTILES !!
196
# Choose the correct option: Water moves from leaves to the atmosphere
1. Because the water vapour pressure inside the leaf is much lower than in the air
2. When it s raining
3. Because the water vapour pressure inside the leaf is much higher than in the air
4. When it s snowing
3. Because the water vapour pressure inside the leaf is much higher than in the air
197
The concentration of sugars in mesophyll cells in leaves:
Is lower than that in the phloem, because sugars are moved into the phloem up a gradient in sugar concentration using metabolic energy
198
Which group of organisms showed no significant decline in global diversity 65 million years ago when an asteroid hit Mexico's Yucatan peninsula?
Gymnosperms
199
Campos rupestres in Brazil and kwongkan in south-western Australia are both sandplain vegetation types that are characterised by severely phosphorus-impoverished soils:
The two systems comprise species from mostly different plant families, and convergent evolution explains why the systems function in a very similar manner
200
What macro nutrient mediates downstream singaling responses in plants?
calcium
201
Echinoderms and chordates are significantly different to all other animal phyla because
of their pattern of embryonic development
202
Receptor like kinases (RLKs) are
1. a gene family in plants
2. regulate plant growth
3. regulate responses to stress
1. a gene family in plants
2. regulate plant growth
3. regulate responses to stress
ALL OF THE ABOVE
203
Guard cells in a leaf...
control the exchange of gases and loss of water
204
The removal of bivalves can have what effect on an ecosystem
1. phyotplankton blooms
2. turbidty
3. decreased diversity of species
1. phyotplankton blooms
2. turbidty
3. decreased diversity of species
^^ ALL OF THE ABOVE
205
Which of the following types of stem cells have the potential to give rise to the greatest variety of different cell types?
1. Embryonic stem cells.
2. Neural stem cells.
3. Uncommitted haemopoietic stem cells.
4. Committed haematopoietic stem cells.
1. Embryonic stem cells
206
A sea star ingest food
1. through it tube feet
2. from 5 stomachs
3. by everting its stomach
4. from the sediment
3. by everting its stomach
207
Which of the following does NOT match the CORRECT animal with its mechanism for locomotion?
1. eel - lift from fins
2. bivalve mollusc - jet propulsion by the body valves
3. plesiosaur - lift from fins
4. diving beetle - drag from fringed legs
1. eel - lift from fins
208
Carnivorous plants are typically found in
bogs and marshes
209
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient for plants, because
a. It is an essential element of proteins
b. It is a constituent of membrane lipids
c. It is a constituent of nucleic acids
PHOSPHORUS
b. It is a constituent of membrane lipids
c. It is a constituent of nucleic acids
BOTH B AND C ARE CORRECT
210
Growth rings in trees
1. occur as a result of changes in growth rates and thus xylem cell size
2. are useful in the aging of trees in stable and erratic environments
3. indicate where rings of phloem interspace rings of xylem
4. indicate where vessels have become infiltrated with organic compounds
occur as a result of changes in growth rates and thus xylem cell size
211
Orchid mycorrhiza are necessary for orchid survival because (select the choice that is incorrect)
1. Orchids require complex carbohydrates for germination
2. Orchid seed is the smallest in the plant kingdom
3. Most orchids require supplemental sources of nutrition
4. They can fix nitrogen and convert it into essential amino acids
4. They can fix nitrogen and convert it into essential amino acids
^^^ incorrect
212
Taxonomy refers to the
classification of organisms
213
For the Australian hopping mouse, which consumes air dry seeds, preformed water intake is about what percentage of its total water intake?
0.45
214
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A hyphal cell contains two haploid nuclei that came from different sources Such a cell would be described as
monokaryotic
homokaryotic
heterokaryotic
plasmogamy
```
heterokaryotic
215
The metabolic cost of transport for a typical walking animal
does not change with speed
216
If a scientist was able to travel back in time and determine that the body temperature of a dinosaur was 38 oC, would this prove that the dinosaur was
endothermic
gigantothermic
ectothermic
none of the above
none of the above
217
The basal metabolic rate of a human is equivalent to about
100watt lightbulb
