exam s1

Question 1

natural hazard 1

Answer 1

• earthquakes are seismic waves of energy that radiate from faults in all directions, involving violent shaking between the oceanic and continental crust
• 2011 tohoku earthquake

Question 2

natural hazard 2

Answer 2

• tsunami is a series of waves usually triggered by an earthquake, volcanic eruption or anything that produces rapid displacement of a body of water
• 2011 tohoku tsunami

Question 3

atmospheric hazards

Answer 3

are hazard within our atmosphere and involves weather processes like wind and rain
- cyclones and storms

Question 4

hydrological hazards

Answer 4

are hazards driven by hydrological processes in the water cycle
- floods and drought

Question 5

geomorphic hazards

Answer 5

are hazards driven by the geological processes of the Earth, particularly plate tectonics
- tsunamis and volcanos

Question 6

volcanoes

Answer 6

is a vent in the earths surface that allows magma to escape from the interior, causing an eruption of lava and gas into the atmosphere and surrounding environment

Question 7

characteristics and causes of Ebola

Answer 7

• zoonotic disease: an infectious disease that can be naturally transmitted between animals and human

beginning symptoms: incubation period of 2-21days
- headaches
- bleeding and bruising without obvious cause
advance symptoms:
- red eyes
- bleeding from nose and mouth

• as a zoonotic disease, a person can become infected when encountering an infected animal such as a monkey or bat
  transmission:
• can occur through the handling of wild animals or meat from infected animals
• direct contact via skin or bodily fluids with infected person
• person come in contact w infected corpse
• virus can rapidly replicate within a cell

Question 8

e spatial and temporal distribution of

Ebola

Answer 8

• local transmission of E in humans has been isolated to the African continent, with outbreaks in DRC, South Sudan and Guinea
• isolated cases, from travellers have occurred in USA, Spain & Italy
• there has been around 30 human Ebola outbreaks between 1976 and 2021 with 12,630 deaths

Question 9

How do physical and/or human
processes determine the spatial and
temporal distribution of Ebola

Answer 9

• climate (higher chance of outbreak in humid weather)
• social behaviour (helping the sick, refugees fleeing)
• health systems (poorly prepared, inadequately resourced)

Question 10

Event Ebola in West Africa 2018-2020

- The cause of the Ebola outbreak

Answer 10

the outbreak was believed to be from the unsafe burial of an infected 65 year old woman, where 7 of her family members died shortly after

Question 11

magnitude, duration, frequency,
probability and scale of spatial impact of
the Ebola outbreak

Answer 11

• magnitude: of this outbreak infected 3,470 people and 2,287 deaths (66% fatality rate).
• duration: was the 22 month outbreak period with typical 2 weeks infection for an individual
• probability: high frequency of Ebola occurring. There has been 12 outbreaks since Ebola was first discovered in 1976.
• scale of spatial impact: had covered over 47 health zones across North Kivu and Ituri provinces.

Question 12

The environmental, economic and

social impacts of the Ebola outbreak

Answer 12

environmental:
- wildlife
economic:
- trade > slow border crossing > market prices to fluctuate
- agriculture > food insecurity (due to conflict)
social:
- children (more than 2100 orphaned) > school closed affecting 2mil children
- women (positive impact) > women were trained by women leaders from CAF and WHO > changing perception of Ebola by running 2week information campaigns > provided education about Ebola and empowering women

Question 13

two hazard risk management strategies implemented to
reduce the impacts of the Ebola,
including mitigation and preparedness

Answer 13

vaccinations:

- Ervebo