Exam (Short Answer)

Question 1

Progress of Roman Women

Answer 1

• Mobility and integration
• Unofficial Political Voice
• Marital Independence
• Sexual Liberation
• Intellectual emancipation and education

Question 2

The usual stages of a visit to a Roman Bathhouse (Balneum)

Answer 2

• Change in the dressing room
• Exercise (such as ball games)
• Sweat in various saunas
• Scrape off the dirt and sweat
• Bathe in various pools

Question 3

Requirements for Roman Senators and Decurions

Answer 3

• Free birth and never enslaved
• Male
• Citizen of Rome
• Adulthood
• Money
• Good standing

Question 4

Characteristics of the Traditional Roman Religion (Paganism)

Answer 4

• Polytheism - is the belief in or worship of more than one god.
• Animism - Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. (The earliest form of Roman Religion)
• Anthropomorphism - human characteristics or behaviour toward a god, animal, or object.
• Syncretism - combining of different beliefs and various schools of thought. Mixing of Roman Gods
• Apotheosis - the highest point in the development of something; culmination or climax.

Question 5

Aspects of the Roman State Religion

Answer 5

• Assigning Priests/Priestesses
• Building and maintaining temples
• Celebrating events
• Suppressing Dangerous/Intolerant Religions
• Conducting Rituals

Question 6

Types of Rituals

Answer 6

Sacrifice/Dedicatory offering (most important)
Prayer
Vow
Divination (Gaining knowledge from Gods) (Taro cards)
Apotropaic Rite (Protect yourself from evil using Apotropaic Rites)

Question 7

Areas of Roman Progress

Answer 7

Geography and cartography
Medicine 
Agricultural Science 
Civil Engineering 
Military Engineering 
Mechanical Engineering

Question 8

3 Types of Art

Answer 8

Sculpture, Paintings, and Mosaics

Question 9

3 reasons for the relative lack of progress in Roman times

Answer 9

Idealization of the past - Looked back at golden days
Economic Conservatism - Had slaves do what they wanted
Educational Emphasis - Didn’t emphasize math or science, focused on rhetoric

Question 10

3 Types of Ethics

Answer 10

Rule Following
Problem Solving
Acting Virtuously

Question 11

4 Philosophical Schools

Answer 11

Cynicism
Skepticism
Epicureanism
Stoicism

Question 12

3 Typical Imperial Arena Events Schedule

Answer 12

Morning: Animal Spectacles
Noon: Executions of Condemned Criminals
Afternoon: Gladiator Duels

Question 13

3 Main Types of Venues for Imperial Public Shows (Ludi)

Answer 13

Circus
Theatre
Amphitheatre or Arena

Question 14

All Roman Leisure Activities

Answer 14

Eating
Drinking
Sex
Gaming/Gambling
Athletics
Recreational Bathing

Question 15

Upper-class Roman Leisure Activities

Answer 15

Hunting
Travel
Recitations

Question 16

The Hierarchy of Authority in the Roman Empire (4)

Answer 16

Empire
Provinces
Towns
Households

Question 17

The Roman Military

Answer 17

Heroic Fighting
Greek Style Phalanx
Centuriate Phalanx
Manipular Legion
Professional Cohort Army

Question 18

What is Polytheism?

Answer 18

The belief in or worship of more than one god.

Question 19

Animism

Answer 19

Animism is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
(no physical form, a corporeal being)

Question 20

Anthropomorphism

Answer 20

Human characteristics or behaviour toward a god, animal, or object.

Question 21

Syncretism

Answer 21

Combining of different beliefs and various schools of thought. Mixing of Roman Gods

Question 22

Apotheosis

Answer 22

Making of gods from mortals

Question 23

What was the most important type of ritual?

Answer 23

Sacrifice/Dedicatory offering

Question 24

Divination

Answer 24

Gaining knowledge from the gods via “heavenly signals”

Taro cards

Question 25

Apotropaic Rite

Answer 25

Keeping away and warding off evil/bad spirits Magic is used to protect from evil (Protect yourself from evil using Apotropaic Rites)

Question 26

4 Styles of Paintings

Answer 26

- First style (Masonry or Incrustation) - Second style ( Architectural or Architectonic) - Third style (Decorative or Ornamental) - Fourth style (Illusionistic)

Question 27

Propitiation

Answer 27

A term that means the getting of the gods/goddesses on your side, and having them protect you, or honouring them if you do something on their sacred land

Question 28

Polytheistic

Answer 28

Many gods

Question 29

Sculptures Showing people as they were, not as what they wanted to be

Answer 29

Verism

Question 30

Two main styles of sculptures prior to the romans

Answer 30

Egypt: iconic, less realistic and more focused on iconography and gods, stiff and formal Greek: idealized, defined, informal, commonly depicting mythos and ideal Greek ideas and ideals

Question 31

Negative Roman traits

Answer 31

``` · Conservative culture and lack of innovation · Class gap · Gender gap · Lack of human rights · Slavery · Attitude towards the mentally and physically challenged · Lack of animal rights · Lack of environmental concern · Violence and genocide · Religious intolerance · Attitude towards foreigners ```

Question 32

Roman achievements and legacies

Answer 32

``` · Military, political, and administrative skills · Language · Literature · Jurisprudence and law · Engineering and architecture · Heath and sanitation · Art · Free entertainment and welfare ```