Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC210 > Exam Study > Flashcards

Exam Study Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two types of statistics?

A

Descriptive
= summarise the data collected from the sample

Inferential
= generalize from the sample to the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the Authority Approach:

A

seeking knowledge from sources thought to be reliable and valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the Analogy Approach:

A

the analogy between a new event and a more familiar event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the Rule Approach:

A

establishing rules or laws that cover different observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the Empirical Approach:

A

testing ideas against actual events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 Goals of Science?

A

Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Floor effect?

A

when the task is so hard, that all scores are very low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the Ceiling effect?

A

when the task is so easy, that all scores are very high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe what a True-experiment and a Quasi-experiment are?

A

True-experiment
= manipulated variable (prediction and explanation)

Quasi-experiment
= subject variable ( ONLY prediction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Numerical variable?

A

anything with numbers

age and response time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a Categorical variable?

A

allocates things into categories

order or unordered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Nominal variable?

A

categorizes without ordering

e.g. - gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is an Ordinal variable?

A

categorizes with ordering

e.g. - military rank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an Interval variable?

A

categorizes and orders with an equal distance between each category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Ratio variable?

A

categorizes, orders and establishes equal units, and has a true zero point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are Demand Characteristics?

A

cues in a situation that people interpret as demands for a particular behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the main effect and the interaction effect?

A

Main Effect
= effect of one IV on the DV

Interaction Effect
= effect of one IV on the DV, while taking other IV’s into account

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the One-tailed test and the Two-tailed test?

A

One-tailed test
= critical area of distribution is one-sided

Two-tailed test
= critical area of distribution is two-sided

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Central Limit Theorem?

A

when independent random variables are added, their properly normalized sum tends towards a normal distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe Type-I Error:

A

rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Type-II Error:

A

retaining the null hypothesis when it’s false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a One-Sample T-test and a Two-Sample T-test?

A

One-Sample T-test
= used to determine whether or not there is a difference between the unknown population mean and a specific value

Two-Sample T-test
= used to test whether the unknown population means of two groups are equal or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Qualitative and Quantitative research?

A

Qualitative
= results described by interviews and observations

Quantitative
= results described by statistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Exploratory and Confirmatory research?

A

Exploratory research
= describing and explaining (inductive)

Confirmatory research
= predicting and controlling (deductive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the Mean, Median, Mode, Range and Standard Deviation:
Mean = middle score of data set Median = 'actual' middle of data set Mode = most common score of the data set Range = difference between largest and smallest Standard Deviation = calculation of data spread based on how far each score is from the mean of the sample
26
What are the Null and Alternative hypotheses?
Null Hypothesis = no real difference between DV of the conditions (no relationship) Alternative Hypothesis = real difference between DV of the conditions (relationship)
27
Describe Multiple Regression:
using more than one predictable variable
28
What is a Controlled Experimental study?
experimenter directly controls changes in IV to observe how DV changes
29
What is a correlational study?
no direct control & relies on associations that already exist
30
Describe Ontology and Epistemology:
Ontology = relativism, peoples realities depend on their perception Epistemology = social constructionism, knowledge being generated in attempts to explain the human world
31
What are the different structures of one-on-one interviews?
Structured = closed questions Unstructured = just having a research topic in mind Semi-Structured = open-ended questions
32
Describe the de Visser and Smith study:
did a case study (one participant) and made notes on their transcript, clustered the potential themes, and entirely focused on what can be learnt from them
33
What are Focus groups?
an informal discussion among selected individuals about specific topics
34
Describe the Lyons and Williot study:
had 8 focus groups which allowed for interactions - the meanings reproduced in talk (open-ended questions) in which they transcribed, read twice, and did a detailed analysis - provided insight into how alcohol actively performs gender
35
What is Cultural Sensitivity?
allows participants to identify ethnicity
36
What is Informed Consent?
seeking permission and explaining how the data will be used
37
What is the Deception/Protection of Harm?
deception only used when no alternative and is important to use when awareness reduces the effect (also debriefing to offer sources of help)
38
What is Confidentiality?
access to data and removal of identifiers + avoiding dilemmas (re-use of data)
39
Describe Ethics for Quantitative and Qualitative:
Quantitative Ethics = participants hold info that needs to be collected by researchers Qualitative Ethics = doing research WITH the participants, not ON them
40
Describe Sampling for Quantitative and Qualitative:
Quantitative Sampling = led by statistical power + must be random sampling Qualitative Sampling = led by depth + uses purposeful sampling
41
Describe the 3 types of Photo-Elicitation?
Photo-Elicitation is using photos as interview prompts Researcher Led = showing pre-selected photos Participant-Led = asking participants to take photos Participatory = participants leading the study
42
Describe the 3 types of Media Elicitation?
Media-Elicitation is indirect Researcher-Led: media pre-selected by researchers Participant-Led: spontaneously mentioned/requested Primary Media Analysis: no participants, just media
43
What is Coding?
system of words, letters, or signs to represent something - There is a limitation in memory storage of coded information
44
What is Introspection?
the examination of ones own conscious thoughts and feelings
45
What is Subitising?
using rapid, accurate, and confident judgements of numbers - only works for small numbers and it is pre-attentive
46
What is Attention?
the allocation of limited processing resources - when increasing the number of items, we use counting which is attentional
47
What is George Miller's Theory?
suggest human channel capacity is the magic number 7 (+/- 2)
48
Describe Input-Output correlation:
measures the relationship of the input on the output - as the number of input increases, their output will initially increase but then have more and more errors
49
Describe the Adaptive Brain:
the process of change in the context of the environment
50
What did Donald Hebb discover:
Hebbs Law = when an axon (cell A) is close enough to excite cell B and take part in firing it, some growth of metabolic change in 1 or both cells results in more firing of cells
51
What are Neurons?
specialized cells
52
What are Axons?
pathways in the brain
53
What are Synapses?
junctions between neurons that allow electrons to neurochemically connect
54
What is a Network?
combination of neurons which could be grouped together as one processing unit
55
What is a Hierarchy?
organization of brain networks that higher processes inform, suppress, and inhibit lower ones
56
What did John Hughlings Jackson discover?
all nervous centres from the lowest to the very highest are made up of nothing else than nervous arrangements, representing impressions and movements
57
Describe EEG:
EEG = way to measure brain activity recorded from a small area of the scalp reflects the firing activity of a large number of neurons
58
What is Temporal Resolution?
amount of time needed to revisit and acquire data for the same location
59
What is Spatial Resolution?
the measure of the smallest object that can be resolved by the sensor
60
What is Spectral Power?
reflects the frequency content of the signal
61
What is Delta?
type of brain wave that is large and slow
62
What is Theta?
type of regular brain wave with a frequency of 4-7Hz
63
What is Alpha?
type of large brain wave with a frequency of 8-13Hz
64
What is Beta?
type of brain wave with a frequency of 12-30Hz (associated with normal waking consciousness)
65
What is Gamma?
type of brain wave with a frequency of 25-140Hz (40hZ of particular interest)
66
Describe Event-Related Potential:
measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event
67
What is a Stimulus lock and a Response lock?
Stimulus lock = time lock to when a visual stimulus occurs Response lock = time lock to when a subject responds
68
What is an MRI and a DTI?
MRI = low temporal resolution and high spatial resolution DTI = MRI technique that measures the rate of water diffusion between cells
69
Describe averaging across trials:
exposing participants to many trials involving the same stimuli and requiring the same response
70
Describe averaging across participants:
exposing some participants to a trial and other participants to another trial, then averaging each group
71
What is a Callosotomy?
surgical disconnection of the Corpus Callosum
72
Describe Visual Lateralisation:
the technique used to deliver stimulus information to each cerebral hemisphere seperately (if someone doesn't have a corpus callosum, two bits of info stay in different hemispheres which is known as split-brain)
73
What is Spatial Coupling?
refers to the interactions between the drawings of two hands (occurs in neurologically normal people, but not in split-brain people)
74
Describe a Well-Learned action:
performance of a skill that has been practiced repeatedly with no or little direct attention
75
Describe a Novel action:
performance of a skill that has not been practiced very much with lots of direct attention
76
What is Cross-Modal?
use of two different sense modalities (e.g. Vision and Audition) (congruent inputs tend to facilitate performance)
77
Describe Somatosensory:
relating to a sensation that can occur in the body
78
What is a Perceptual Illusion?
a faulty or distorted perception of something externally presented
79
What is a Phantom Limb?
the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached
80
What is the Speed-Accuracy trade-off?
as performance gets faster, accuracy decreases + vice versa
81
Describe Congruent and Incongruent:
Congruent = in line with each other Incongruent = uneven with each other
82
What are top-down and bottom-up processing?
Top-Down Processing = perceptions begin with the most general and move toward more specific Bottom-Up Processing = perceptions begin with an incoming stimulus and then work upwards until a representation is made in the mind
83
What is Perceptual Manipulation?
used in Franz & McCormick - when participants had to move fingers from starting position to two circles - they perceptually manipulated this by adding lines connecting the two circles (helps to perceive it as one action with both hands)
84
What is Conceptual Manipulation?
used in Franz & McCormick - set of instructions were given displayed in the form of simple phrases - used 2 trials which were Unified (imply one task "use both hands") and Separate (imply two tasks "move the left and right hands")
85
What are Congenital Mirror Movements?
condition when the hand mirroring everything the other hand is doing
86
Describe Proximal and Bilateral:
Proximal = situated near the middle of the body & larger limbs Bilateral = relating to and affecting both sides
87
Describe Plasticity:
when referring to the brain, we are talking about changes String Player experiment - neuroplasticity has occurred in the sensorimotor cortex associated with rapid dexterous movements of the fingers + sensory processing of feedback Juggling experiment - scan the brain before and after learning takes place - shows once they learn the skill, structure of the brain changes in the occipital and temporal lobes

PSYC210 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions