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194.101 Essentials of Mammalian Biology > Exam Study > Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is milk composition important?

A

Milk composition is related to the requirements of the young and what nutrition is needed to excel within their ecological niche.

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2
Q

What is the general milk composition of aquatic mammals?

A

Aquatic mammals are adapted to very cold environments. They produce a milk which has a very high energy content in the form of fat, high concentrations of protein and very little carbohydrate.

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3
Q

What is the general milk composition of humans?

A

Humans produce a milk which has a low concentration of protein, a moderate amount of fat and a high concentration of lactose.

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4
Q

Why are mammals so successful?

A
  • Care and protection of young
  • Socialisation and teaching
  • Lactation and nursing
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5
Q

What is the theory of teleology?

A

Teleology is the theory that all natural things are designed to fulfil a particular purpose.

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6
Q

What do cells need?

A
  • To obtain fresh substrates
  • Store and export products
  • Eliminates wastes
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7
Q

What is protein structure and function affected by?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate and energy availability
  • Osmolarity
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8
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • Epitheal
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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9
Q

What are tissues?

A

An assembly of cells with similar structures or mixtures of cells with complementary functions.

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10
Q

What are organs?

A

A specialised centre of body function composed of different types of tissue. A mass of one or more types of tissue that form discrete macroscopic structures and/or fulfilled a specialised functions.

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11
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Representing a level of organisation higher than organs, they carry out a major bodily function.

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12
Q

What happens during differentiation?

A

Cells become specialised in structure and function.

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13
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Morphogenesis is what gives shape to the organism and its various parts.

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14
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

Cells which can divide and differentiate to form all the cell types present in the embryo and the extra-embryonic tissues.

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15
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

Cells of the inner cell mass.

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16
Q

What are the features of stem cells?

A
  • Unspecialised cells
  • Can divide indefinitely
  • Can differentiate into specialised cells if one or more types, given appropriate conditions.
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17
Q

What are the types of epitheal shapes?

A
  • Squamous
  • Columnar
  • Cuboidal
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18
Q

What is a simple arrangement of cells?

A

A single layer of cells.

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19
Q

What is a stratified arrangement of cells?

A

Multiple layers of cells.

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20
Q

What is a pseudostratified arrangement of cells?

A

Single layer of cells at different heights.

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21
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete via a duct onto a surface or into a lumen of an organ producing numerous secretions.

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22
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Endocrine glands have no secretory duct but release their secreted products called hormones directly into the blood stream.

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23
Q

What do connective tissues do?

A

Connective tissues connect and hold the various parts of the body together keeping tissues and organs in place. Connective tissues are distributed throughout the body, within, or associated with, every other tissue type.

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24
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibres?

A
  • Collagenous fibres
  • Elastic fibres
  • Reticular fibres
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25
What is connective tissue proper?
A structureless mass called the ground substance, in which the cells and extracellular fibres are embedded.
26
What three types of muscle do vertebrates have?
- Skeletal muscle - Cardiac muscle - Smooth muscle
27
Why is lactation significant for mammals?
- Allows mammal to invest energy in relatively few young yet be confident. - Provides food of relatively constant composition and amounts. - Mother can draw on reserves built up during pregnancy.
28
What is the purpose of colostrum?
- Provides passive immunity - First milk Not receiving colostrum reduces survival chances
29
What are the 5 coelomic cavities?
- Cranial cavity - Spinal cavity - Ventral cavity - Ventral cavity - Thoracic cavity - Abdomino-pelvic cavity
30
What is homeostasis?
The tendency toward uniformity or stability in internal environment.
31
What is homeorhesis?
Orchestrated or co-ordinated control in metabolism of body tissues necessary to support a physiological state.
32
What is the cell change throughout development?
- Sperm and oocyte - Zygote - Totipotent until division 3-4 - Pluripotent By day 5 embryonic stem cells
33
What are the main features of skeletal muscle tissue?
- Striated - Voluntary - Attached to bones
34
What are the main features of smooth muscle tissue?
- Not-striated - Involuntary - Visceral organs and blood vessels
35
What are the main features of cardiac muscle tissue?
- Striated - Involuntary - Heart
36
What do the anchoring junctions do?
Connect the cytoskeleton of the cell to the cytoskeleton of the adjacent cell. Connect to the basal lamina.
37
What do gap junctions do?
Allow very small molecules to move between cells.
38
What do tight junctions do?
Stop movement between the gap of adjacent cells.
39
What are the (3) structural characteristics that define mammals?
- Body hair - Three middle ear bones - Feed young on milk
40
What are the benefits of lactation for mammals?
- Allows mammals to invest energy in relatively few young yet be confident - Provides young with food of relatively constant composition and amount - Allows mothers to draw on reserves built up during pregnancy
41
What does isotonic solution mean?
An isotonic solution for a particular cell is one where the cell neither shrinks nor swells.
42
What is secondary active transport?
Secondary active transport is transport of molecules across the cell membrane utilising energy in other forms than ATP.
43
What is facilitated transport?
Facilitated transport is the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a membrane via integral proteins.
44
Describe how resting membrane potential comes about.
The cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane is negatively charged relative to the extra-cellular side. This voltage or potential difference is called membrane potential.
45
What is the first stage of the acute response to cold and describe the responses?
Heat Conservation stage. Behavioural Responses - Huddling - Shelter Physiological Responses - Vasoconstriction - Piloerection
46
Which hormone is secreted in response to low levels of blood calcium?
Parathyroid hormone.
47
What is exocytosis?
The fusion of secretory vesicles within the plasma membrane.
48
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
The nephron.
49
Why is glucose not usually found in the urine?
It is usually totally reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells.
50
What does digestion of fat produce?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
51
What are the 3 essential fatty acids?
Linolenic Acid EPA DHA
52
What is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system?
Small intestine.
53
What is lactose intolerance caused by?
The lack of a specific disaccharide.
54
Where is digestion completed?
Small intestine.
55
Which cells rely almost entirely on glucose to meet their energy needs?
Neurons and red blood cells.
56
An essential nutrient...
Cannot be synthesised in adequate amounts to meet requirements.
57
If more energy is contained in food eaten than energy expended...
A positive energy balance will exist.
58
Which micronutrients are involved in bone health?
Calcium, Vitamin D and Vitamin E.
59
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
Seminiferous tubules.
60
What cells release androgens?
Leydig cells.
61
Describe what action potential is.
The brief depolarisation of a neuron's plasma membrane.
62
How is action potential propagated?
AP is generated as Na+ flows inwards from the cell membrane, requiring the activation of voltage-gated sodium channels. The depolarisation of AP spreads to neighbouring regions of the membrane and this is repeated; so AP is propagated across the length of the axon.
63
Why are myelinated neurons different?
Myelinated neurons act as electrical insulators greatly speeding up AP conduction.
64
How does receptor activation cause a cascade of intracellular signalling?
Receptor activation leads to the synthesis of second messengers, which initiate and co-ordinate intracellular signalling pathways.
65
What 2 hormones help with endocrine regulation of glucose concentration in blood plasma?
Insulin and glucagon.
66
What is an example of a cell that can respond differently to the same hormone, and why can it do this?
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine. - Stimulates contraction of skeletal muscle cells - Decreases rate and force of contraction in heart muscle cells Can do this because different receptors and/or different internal machinery.
67
List the 5 conditions required to measure a mammals BMR.
1. At rest 2. Empty stomach 3. Thermo-neutral temperature 4. Not growing 5. No stress
68
Define basal metabolic rate (BMR).
The energy required to maintain the minimum body systems at rest.
69
What are the four main functions of the kidney?
1. Filter blood producing a glomerular filtrate, reabsorption and secretion. 2. Produce hormones. 3. Remove nitrogenous wastes. 4. Regulate: fluid balance osmotic pressure pH of ECF electrolyte levels of ECF
70
What are the specific functions of the peak in oestrogen concentration during the cycle of a female mammal?
1. Stimulates growth of endometrium. 2. Prep of vagina for mating 3. Retrograde uterine contrations. 4. Causes behavioural oestrus. 5. Increased volume of cervical mucus.
71
What are some specific functions of progesterone during the cycle and pregnancy of the female mammal?
1. Develops endometrium in prep for pregnancy. 2. Prevents uterine contractions. 3. Stimulates mammogenesis. 4. Causes cervix plug. 5. Suppresses behavioural oestrus.
72
What is the primary purpose of the glomerulus?
To filter plasma to produce glomerular filtrate.
73
Why does alcohol act as a diuretic?
Because it inhibits the secretion of ADH.
74
The functional unit of the kidney produces urine by three main processes which are:
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.
75
Not all the glomerular filtrate is excreted as urine. The percentage reabsorbed is approximately:
More than 97%.
76
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
Secretin.
77
What enzyme is involved in the digestion of starch?
Amylase.
78
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
Vitamin B12.
79
What substance supplies the body with amino acids?
Proteins.
80
The hormone produced by the stomach that signals hunger to the brain is:
Ghrelin.
81
Energy balance is when...
An individual’s energy intake equals their energy expenditure.
82
What is the name of the temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone?
Corpus luteum.
83
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
The rest and digest system. It conserves energy.
84
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
The fight or flight response.
85
What are some examples of response from the parasympathetic nervous system?
- Slow heart rate - Increases intestinal and gland activity - Relaxes sphincter muscles in the GI tract
86
What are some examples of response from the sympathetic nervous system?
- Accelerates heart rate - Widens bronchial passages - Causes pupillary dilation - Raises blood pressure - Piloerection - Perspiration
87
How is an action potential propagated along a neutron?
Action potential is generated as Na+ flows inwards across the membrane. The depolarisation of AP spreads to neighbouring regions fo the membrane, re-initiating AP. This is repeated, and the AP is propagated across the length of the axon.
88
How are myelinated neurons different?
They act as electrical insulators so greatly speed up the speed of action potential conduction.
89
What is the role of a secretory vesicle?
To mediate the vesicular transport of cargo from an organelle to specific sites at the cellular membrane where it docks an d fuses to release its content.
90
What are the advantages of a secretory vesicle?
- Transportation | - Protects cell that synthesis from self-destruction
91
What forms secretory vesicles?
Golgi apparatus or endoplasmic reticulum.
92
What are the important facts about skeletal muscle?
Attached to bone Under voluntary control Striated
92
What are the important facts about cardiac muscle?
Attached to hear Involuntary control Striated
92
What are the important facts about smooth muscle?
Attached to visceral organs and blood vessels Not striated Involuntary control

194.101 Essentials of Mammalian Biology (2 decks)

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