Exam stuff 2 Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
Provide four anatomical traits exclusively shared by extant vertebrates
A
- Vertebrae
- Elaborate skulls
- Extrinsic eye muscles
- At least 2 semicircular canals
2
Q
Provide four differences between the nasohypophyseal complex of extant jawless craniates (hagfish; lampreys) and that of extant jawed vertebrates
A
- Complex associated with single nasal capsule (jawless craniates) vs. paired nasal capsules (jawed vertebrates).
- Complex leading to elongate duct in jawless craniates vs. short or absent duct in jawed vertebrates.
- Nasal capsule dorsal to pharynx in jawless craniates vs. anterior or antero-dorsal to mouth in jawed vertebrates.
- Complex occurring mostly anterior to brain in jawless craniates vs. ventral to brain in jawed vertebrates.
3
Q
Provide four anatomical and/or embryological traits shared by extant craniates
A
- Skull
- Five-part brain
- At least 1 semi-circular canal
- Endoskeleton
4
Q
Provide four anatomical differences between extant hagfishes and jawed vertebrates
A
- Single nostril (hagfishes) vs. paired nostrils (jawed vertebrates)
- No skeletal support for gills (hagfishes) vs. skeletal support (jawed vertebrates)
- No movable jaws (hagfish) vs. movable jaws (jawed vertebrates
- One semicircular canal (hagfish) vs. three semicircular canals (jawed vertebrates),
5
Q
Provide four anatomical traits shared by extant hagfish
A
- No paired fins
- Single caudal fin
- Scale-less skin
- Four hearts
6
Q
Provide four morphological and/or functional features of the respiratory system of hagfish
A
- Single nostril at anterior extremity of head
- Single nasal capsule
- Complex system of lamellae inside gill pouches
- Coalescent gill pouches
7
Q
Provide four structural characteristics of the feeding apparatus of hagfish
A
- Protractor muscles set in anterior half of head
- Retractor muscles set in posterior half of head
- Dental plate armed with two pairs of comb-like horny teeth
- Three lingual basal cartilages
8
Q
Provide four anatomical differences between extant hagfish and extant lampreys
A
- One (hagfishes) vs. two (lampreys) semicircular canals
- Absence (hagfishes) vs. presence (lampreys) of dorsal fins
- Absence (hagfishes) vs. presence (lampreys) of extrinsic eye muscles
- Absence (hagfishes) vs. presence (lampreys) of braincase surrounding nasal and auditory capsules
9
Q
Provide four distinctive features of extant lampreys
A
- Anterior and posterior dorsal fins
- Single small dorsal nostril
- Two semicircular canals
- Velum
10
Q
Provide four structural characteristics of extant lampreys that they share with extant jawed vertebrates
A
- Vertebrae
- Elaborate skull
- Extrinsic eye muscles
- At least 2 semi-circular canals
11
Q
Provide four key differences among the gills of extant craniates
A
- Skeletal support for branchial apparatus in lampreys and jawed vertebrates
- Articulated skeletal gill bars in jawed vertebrates
- Large spiracle in cartilaginous fish
- Gill arches external to gills and blood vessels in lampreys,
12
Q
Provide four distinctive features of extant jawed vertebrates
A
- Movable jaws
- Paired nasal sacs
- Complex gill arches
- Three semicircular canals
13
Q
Provide four key structural or embryological characteristics of the jaws
A
- Upper and lower jaw cartilaginous precursors
- Posterior hinge
- Often carrying teeth
- Primitively simple opening and closing devices performing vertical movements
14
Q
Provide four general morphological features shared by extant sharks
A
- Fusiform bodies
- Enlarged snout region
- Lateral gill slits
- Teeth with enlarged bases
15
Q
Provide four anatomical traits observed in extant cartilaginous fish
A
- Tesserate calcified cartilage
- Anterior fontanelle
- Pelvic claspers in males
- Placoid scales
16
Q
Provide four anatomical and/or embryological traits shared by extant bony fish
A
- Rooted teeth
- Large dermal bones on skull and pectoral girdle
- Swim bladder/lungs
- Bony fin rays
17
Q
Provide four examples of evolutionary trends in the actinopterygian skeleton
A
- Loss and fusion of tail bones
- Increasing mobility of the jaws
- Development of heavy ornamentation on the skull
- Appearance of hollow and robust fin spines
18
Q
Provide four differences between cartilaginous and bony fish
A
- Cartilaginous vs. bony skeleton
- Presence vs. absence of eyelids
- Non-overlapping vs. overlapping scales
- Absence vs. presence of ribs
19
Q
Provide four diagnostic characteristics of modern amphibians
A
- Smooth and wet skins with mucous and granular glands
- loss of bones at the back of the skull roof
- palatal vacuities partly bordered by palatines
- four or fewer fingers (where present) in anterior limb
20
Q
Provide four distinctive features of the skull of extant frogs
A
- enlarged orbits
- strap-shaped and horizontally orientated palatine
- wide and T-shaped floor of braincase
- triradiate pterygoids
21
Q
Provide four structural characteristics of the postcranial skeleton of modern salamanders
A
- anterior and posterior limbs of subequal length
- poorly differentiated vertebrae
- stumpy ribs
- abbreviated transverse rib-bearing processes
22
Q
Provide four morphological characteristics of modern frogs
A
- Toothless lower jaw
- Enlarged orbits
- Urostyle
- Ribs generally absent
23
Q
Provide four morphological characteristics of modern salamanders
A
- Stumpy ribs
- Tail in both larvae and adults
- Poorly differentiated vertebrae
- Short stapes
24
Q
Provide four morphological characteristics of modern caecilians
A
- eyes reduced in size or absent
- two sets of jaw-closing muscles
- scales embedded in skin
- absence of girdles and limbs
25
Provide four defensive mechanisms adopted by extant salamanders
1. Biting
2. Warning colours
3. Body posture
4. Tail autotomy
26
Provide four diagnostic characteristics of modern amniotes
1. long neck
2. long and curved ribs
3. strongly domed skull
4. amniotic egg
27
Provide four distinctive features of the amniotic egg
1. porous leathery or hard shell
2. amniotic fluid
3. albumen
4. air-filled space
28
Provide four morphological and/or functional differences between extant amniotes and extant amphibians
1. generally flat vs. generally narrow skulls
2. short and straight vs. long and recurved ribs
3. poorly differentiated vs. highly differentiated backbone
4. absence vs. presence of thick layers of keratin in skin
29
Provide four diagnostic characteristics of extant turtles
1. anapsid skull with posterior emargination
2. retractable necks
3. keratinous beak
4. well developed olfactory bulbs
30
Provide four major features of the shoulder girdle of modern turtles
1. dorsal slender and elongate scapula
2. ventromedial rod-like process of scapula
3. sickle-shaped coracoid
4. flattened clavicles and interclavicle integrated with plastron
31
Provide four diagnostic characteristics of modern crocodiles
1. elongate snouts
2. eyes,ears and nostrils situated dorsally on the head
3. thick skin covered in non-overlapping scutes
4. nostril closure underwater
32
Provide four distinctive features of archosaurs
1. Improved limb posture
2. teeth embedded in sockets in upper and lower jaws
3. reduced pineal foramen
4. two-headed cervical ribs
33
Provide four morphological and/or functional roles for crocodile scutes (skin)
1. protection
2. thermoregulation
3. buffering against acidosis
4. bracing function for trunk musculature
34
Provide four anatomical characteristics of modern birds
1. Air sacs
2. Feathers
3. Bill
4. Wings
35
Provide four anatomical and/or physiological features of the bird respiratory system
1. unidirectional air flow through the lungs
2. expansion/contraction of ribs and sternum
3. set of parabronchs
4. respiratory cycle consisting of two inhalations and two exhalations
36
Provide four functional roles for bird feathers
1. protection
2. insulation
3. display
4. communication
37
Provide four distinctive features of the reproductive biology of squamates
1. egg brooding in some species
2. nest building in some species
3. internal fertilization
4. leathery to calcified egg shells
38
Provide four anatomical characteristics of modern mammals
1. mammary glands
2. Hair
3. Sweat glands
4. Diaphragm
39
Provide four skeletal differences between the skull of a primitive synapsid and that of an extant mammal
1. increasing tooth differentiation
2. reduction in tooth number
3. elongation of cheek bones
4. skull simplification through loss or fusion of bones
40
Provide four functional roles for mammalian hair
1. protection
2. insulation
3. defence
4. camouflage
41
Provide four diagnostic anatomical traits of primates
1. grasping hands and feet with apposable thumbs and toes
2. elongated heel bone
3. Hallux baring nails
4. hindlimb dominance
42
Provide four anatomical characteristics of perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates)
1. odd number of toes on front and/or hind feet
2. elongate facial region of the skull
3. reduced ulna and fibula
4. absence of collar bone
43
Provide four diagnostic features of lagomorphs (pikas and rabbits)
1. short tail
2. two pairs of upper incisors
3. smooth-surfaced brain
4. enamel on front and back of incisors
44
Provide four morphological features shared by carnivores
1. relatively enlarged brain cavity
2. exclusively vertical movement of lower jaw
3. strong sagittal crest
4. enlarged and blade-like last upper premolar and first lower molar
