Exam Style Questions Flashcards
What is meant by the term “social loafing?”
When one or more people in a group do less work than they should. Factors affect this such as group size, and the task at hand.
What is meant by the term “token economy?”
A system often implemented in schools and prisons where people can have good behavior rewarded by gaining credits which they can return for prizes somewhere else.
This is positively reinforcing good behavior with the primary reinforcer of the reward and secondary reinforcer of the credits to exchange.
A man collapses at a bus stop. Name a factor that might affect bystander intervention.
His appearance and also the amount of people in the nearby area.
Outline what is meant by the term by the term “sample” in psychological research.
Is the representation of the target population and who we want to get our research on in the test.
What is meant by the term “modelling?”
It is when someone models a certain behavior. This is part of the social learning theory of aggressive and gender development.
Name a disadvantage of observational studies.
They have to spot everything that goes on and they will often look for certain behaviors and dismiss others by overlooking them.
What direction on a graph will positive correlation go?
It will go upwards towards the top right corner in a positive correlation.
What direction on the graph will negative correlation go?
It will go downwards towards the bottom right in a negative correlation pattern.
What happens when there is no correlation on a graph?
The plots on the graph will be scattered everywhere and appear that there is no correlation of the data.
What is an anonylmous result?
When there is an odd result that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the data and is often physically further away on the graph than the other results that will correlate and make a shape.
Evaluate research into bystander intervention.
They are often observational and require high inter observer reliability and an unbiased researcher.
What is meant by the term “Postural Echo?”
When two people mirror the same posture such as folding their arms or crossing their legs.
This may be because they are enjoying each other’s company but the choice to echo posture is often unconscious and people don’t mean to do this.
What is meant by the term “Discrimination?”
When someone acts against their prejudices and negatively acts against a minority or group of people by not giving someone a job or acting against them for a reason.
What is meant by the term “Social Loafing?”
When someone doesn’t put in their effort in a group and loafs and let’s other people do the work.
What is meant by the term “Eye Contact?”
When two people look into each other’s eyes at the same time. This is a powerful way of having a better conversation and maintaining eye contact makes less gaps in conversation and eye contact also signals turn taking and when to speak.
Katarina is a heavy smoker. What kind of therapy should she use to stop smoking?
Aversion therapy.
Name two advantages of the use of systematic desensitization to treat phobias.
It is often very successful at treating phobias.
There are no ethical issues with it as it is very gradual and the participant has every right to withdraw throughout the treatment.
What does EPQ stand for?
Eysenck’s Personality Questionnaire.
What does EPI stand for?
Eysenck’s Personality Inventory
What are the scales measured in Eysenck’s EPQ?
Extroversion-Introversion
Neuroticism-Stability
What kind of questions were the ones in Eysenck’s EPQ?
They were yes or no closer questions.
Name all the suggested causes of aggression.
Biological elements such as brain abnormalities and problems with hormones and testosterone.
Social Learning where people imitate the modelling behaviour of others which encourages the onset of aggressive behaviour.
Thanatos which is an unconscious aggressive drive we all have that can be socially acceptably sublimated through sports etc or it can be displaced onto ourselves through self destruction or hurting others physically or verbally.
Find a criticism of using Token Economy Systems.
People may not actually change their behaviour because they believe it to be right but they simply do it for the reward that comes from swapping the points for prizes. This leads to people essentially exploiting the system to gain rewards rather than change their behaviour because they believe it to be the right thing to do.
Name the ethical issues a researcher must consider when conducting a psychology experiment.
The participants right to withdraw.
That the results of the study will be confidential and not be shared with anyone except the researchers.
That the PP will be briefed and de-briefed following the experiment so they know what to expect beforehand and what will happen after the study.
