EXAM TERM 1 Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is culture based on Geert Hofstede?
A
Culture is the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group of people from another
2
Q
What are the 3 layers of culture according to Edgar Schein?
A
- Artefacts of culture
- Norms & Values
- Basic Assumption
3
Q
Mention 3 things that describe artefacts of culture!
A
- About what we can see, notice, and touch
- Easy to perceive
- Not relevant for intercultural communication
4
Q
What is norms & values in cultural layers?
A
Written & unwritten standards of correct/desired behaviour
5
Q
What are 3 things related to basic assumptions in cultural layers?
A
- Abstract & Invisible
- Unaware of their influence
- Culture is learned/programmed; lots come from upbringing
6
Q
The bicycle lines, large windows, open curtains, all material culture are examples of?
A
Artefacts of culture
7
Q
The perception and judgement we make about others is the example of?
A
Basic assumption
8
Q
Culture is divided into 2 parts, what are they and who coined it?
A
- Programming: Geert Hofstede
2. Learning: Edgar Schein
9
Q
There are 3 levels of programming, explain each of them!
A
- Human Nature: makes us do something in an emergency situation
- Cultural: When we do something based on our cultural custom
- Individual: When we make personal decisions just because we want to
10
Q
What does collective mean in Hofstede definition of culture?
A
Collective means in culture there is a group and subgroup/subcultures we belong to
11
Q
What is intercultural communication?
A
The communication between sources and receivers from different cultures
12
Q
Anything that distorts or blocks the message, that distracts the receivers or causes them not to understand the message is?
A
Noise
13
Q
There are 3 types of noise, what are they?
A
- External, Internal, Cultural noise
14
Q
Physical noise that comes from the environment is?
A
External noise
15
Q
Psychological noise; involves emotions, worries, or personal prejudices that get in the way of paying attention to what is actually being communicated is known as?
A
Internal Noise
16
Q
The proper voice volume for speaking professionally in Indonesia might be lower than for speaking in the Netherlands or in the US, The appropriate amount of eye contact in one culture may be too much for another culture are examples of?
A
Cultural Noise
17
Q
Who is the dutch researcher that developed a TOPOI model in resolving cultural noise?
A
Edwin Hoffman
18
Q
What does TOPOI stand for?
A
T: Tongue/Language O: Order P: People O: Organization I: Influence/Intention
19
Q
In a lot of countries, you can give or receive things with your left or right hand. Not in Indonesia. There, you always give and receive things with your right hand. That is the exampe from which part of TOPOI?
A
Tongue/Langue (non-verbal language)
20
Q
We see the world around us through different glasses and have different frames of reference. Thus, there is never one truth or one reality is the reflection of which part of TOPOI?
A
Order
21
Q
What does person mean in TOPOI model?
A
Person means the relationship part of the conversation. (Relationship: Symmetrical & Complementary)
22
Q
if you are an international student, and new in the Netherlands you might not be aware of the Dutch organization of health care is the example of which part of TOPOI?
A
Organization
23
Q
What does influence/intention mean in TOPOI model?
A
The aim, motives, intention, needs of the participants in the conversation
24
Q
Mention 6 Cultural Dimensions based on Hofstede!
A
- Power distance
- Individualism & Collectivism
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Masculinity & Feminity
- Short/Long-Term Orientation
- Indulgence & Restraint
25
What does power distance mean in Hofstede's 6 cultural dimensions?
The extent to which members of a culture expect & accept that power is unequally distributed
26
Children have a choice, Student-centered education, Subordinates are consulted are examples of?
Small Power Distance
27
China, Guatemala, Brazil, Malaysia, Mexico are examples of Small or High Power Distance?
High Power Distance
28
Australia, Sweden, Canada, US, are examples of Small or High Power Distance?
Small Power Distance
29
You have to respect your superiors (parents/teachers/bosses/older) and treat them respectfully is the description of which Hofstede 6 Cultural Dimension?
Power Distance
30
Mention 3 differences between Individualism & Collectivism using this guideline:
a. They value ...
b. Responsibility
c. Upbringing
d. ... Oriented
e. Others Classified as?
Individualism:
a. Independence
b. For themselves & nuclear family
c. From small core family
d. I oriented
e. Individual
Collectivism:
a. Interdependence
b. Society
c. Grow in large families
d. We oriented
e. In-group or out-group
31
Privacy is important, task prevails over relationships, expressing personal opinions are example of which Hofstede Cultural Dimension?
Individualism
32
Belonging is important, maintaining harmony, relationship prevails over tasks are examples of which Hofstede cultural dimension?
Collectivism
33
Categorize these options into Individualism or Collectivism type!
a. Norway, Sweden, Finland
b. Brazil Argentina, Mexico
c. The Netherlands, Germany
d. China, Indonesia, Columbia
e. UK, US, Australia
a. Individualism
b. Collectivism
c. Individualism
d. Collectivism
e. Individualism
34
What does Uncertainty Avoidance mean?
The extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by the ambiguous and unknown situation
35
# Choose the correct answers regarding High Uncertainty Avoidance!
a. Life is as accepted as it comes
b. Uncertainty is a threat
c. Higher stress & anxiety
d. Don't like rules very much
e. People tend to stay in their comfort zone
f. What is different is curious
B, C, E
36
What are the characteristics of low uncertainty avoidance?
1. They accept risks
2. Go with the flow
3. Don't like rules
4. Less stress & anxiety
37
Singapore, Denmark, Vietnam are countries that are high or low uncertainty avoidance?
Low Certainty Avoidance - Accept Risks
38
Japan, Russia, Greece are countries that are high or low uncertainty avoidance?
High Uncertainty Avoidance
39
What is masculinity or feminity in Hofstede's 6 cultural dimensions?
Social or cultural behaviour that associated with men/women
40
Select some correct answers that are related to high-masculinity societies!
a. Quality of life and people are important
b. Ego & money orientation
c. Live to work
d. Work to live
e. Men should be tough (performance) and women should be tender (relationship)
f. Value big, fast, strong
B, C, E, F
41
Both men and women should be tender and taken care both performance & relationships are directed on which part of hofstede cultural dimensions?
Feminity (Low masculinity Societies)
42
Short/Long-Term Orientation is a research that was coined from?
a. Hofstede
b. Geert
c. Edgar Schein
d. Michael Harris
e. Edwin Hoffman
D. Michael Harris Bond reserach
43
- Value thrift, perseverance, self-discipline
- Hard work = success
- Good & evil are relative; can change over time
- Norms depends on the situation
- Superior: somebody who knows to adapt to the circumstances
- We should be humble about ourselves
Are explanations of which Hofstede's Cultural Dimension?
Long-Term Orientation
44
Which of these statements are true about Short-term orientation?
a. Good & Evil are absolute, always the same
b. Fixed norms are applied
c. Hard work = success
d. We should be humble about ourselves
e. Fast result with short effort
A, B, and E
45
Which Hofstede's cultural dimension was created from Bulgarian interculturalist Michael Minkow?(invested 10 years in researching World Values)
Indulgence & Restraint
46
Which of these statements are true about indulgence?
a. A society that allows free gratification
b. Leisure time, being with friends, spending money, romantic relations
c. Pleasure is controlled
d. Enjoying life & having fun
e. Harder to be happy
A, B, D
47
Decide which of these countries are long-term or short-term orientation!
a. China, Russia
b. Norway, Sweden, Finland
c. Lithuania, Ukraine, Estonia,
d. USA, Australia, India, Indonesia
a: Long
b: Long
c: Long
d: Middle
48
Indulgence & Restraint is coined from?
Michael Minkow
49
What is microculture?
Microculture is a group of people who share a set of values, beliefs, and behavior who possess a common history & system that is similar but varies from dominant culture
50
"A group to which a person belongs & has no choice but to belong" is the definition of?
Involuntary Membership Group
51
person’s sex, race, age groups are examples of?
Involuntary Membership Group
52
What does environmental Context mean?
All communication takes place within an environment that influence the nature of communication
53
What are the three aspects of microcultural context?
1. Microculture
2. Involuntary Membership Group
3. Environmental Context
54
Characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race, nationality, and sexual orientation is the definition of?
Stereotype
55
Select the correct answers regarding Stereotype!
a. A simplified and standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and held in common by members of a group
b. Carry a positive or negative evaluation
c. Tendency to place one own’s culture in a position of centrality and worth, while having negative attitudes & behaviors towards other groups
d. A set of characteristics made from person to person
e. Created by members of one group associating characteristics to members of another group
A, B, and E
56
What is Ethnocentrism?
A tendency to place a certain culture in a position of centrality and worth, while having negative attitudes and behavior towards other groups
57
What are the concepts of cultural differences from Edward & Mildred Hall?
1. High context & low context
2. Monochronic & polychronic
3. Direct & Indirect
4. Fast & Slow Information Flow
58
# Choose statements that are correct about high context groups!
a. Direct
b. Most of the message is in the person themselves and in the context of a message
c. Tend to ask details more
d. Information is communicated implicitly & often nonverbally
e. Words are important in communicating a message
f. Starts with the context, circling towards the main point, sometimes zigzag between details
g. Info has a clear structure, detailed, specific.
B, C, D, F
59
Words, Gestures, Tones are the important aspects of low or high context?
Low context
60
Information is communicated explicitly, Direct, Words are important in communicating a message, Info has a clear structure, detailed, specific are the characteristics of?
Low context
61
Information provided frankly, bluntly, honestly and Criticism may be given in front of a group are examples of?
a. High Context
b. Polychronic
c. Low Context
d. Fast Information Flow
e. Direct Feedback
E. Direct Negative Feedback
62
Information is provided softly, subtly, diplomatically and Criticism is given only in private are examples of?
Indirect Negative Feedback
63
```
Categorize these countries based on direct-indirect & low-high context!
a. Indonesia, China, Japan, India
b. US, Canada, UK
C. The Netherlands, Germany, Australia
d. Spain, France
```
a. Indirect & High Context
b. Indirect & Low Context
c. Direct & Low Context
d. Direct & High Context
64
Monochronic prefers do all at once or one task at a time?
One task at a time
65
What are the differences between monochronic & polychronic? Guidelines:
a. How do they do tasks?
b. How do they view time?
c. Low/High Context?
d. You can get back to the task later or are deadlines taken seriously?
Polychronic:
a. All at once is fine
b. Time is spatial
c. High Context
d. They can get back to the task later
Monochronic:
a. One task at a time
b. Time is linear
c. Low context
d. Deadlines taken seriously
66
# Define these countries in Indulgence or Restraint category!
a. The Netherlands
b. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg
c. Russia
d. China, Pakistan
e. Indonesia
f. Canada, US
g. Mexico
h. Brazil, Argentina
a. Indulgence
b. Restraint
c. Restraint
d. Restraint
e. Restraint
f. Indulgence
g. Indulgence
h. Indulgence
67
- Information “has a life of its own”
- Large networks, natural sharing of information with friends
- Sharing is informal: coffee machine, restroom, hallway.
- High context
Are all examples of?
Fast Information Flow
68
Select correct statements regarding Slow Information Flow!
a. High Context
b. Sharing is informal
c. Information is in compartments
d. Information has a life of its own
e. Formal meetings are used to share
f. Strict schedules, Control, and planning.
g. Low context
C, E, F, and G
69
Categorize YOU in these concepts that we've learned! (1/2)
1. Hofstede's 6 Dimensions of Culture
a. High or Low Power Distance
b. Individualism or Collectivism
c. High or Low Uncertainty Avoidance
d. Short or Long-Term Orientation
e. High Masculinity or Low Masculinity (Feminity)
f. Indulgence or Restraint
2. Edward & Mildred Halls' Cultural Differences
a. High or Low Context
b. Monochronic or Polychronic
c. Direct or Indirect Negative Feedback
d. Fast or Slow Information Flow
1)
a. High Power Distance
b. Collectivism
c. High Uncertainty Avoidance
d. Short-Term Orientation
e. Low Masculinity (Feminity)
f. Restraint
2)
a. High Context
b. Polychronic
c. Indirect Negative Feedback
d. Fast Information Flow
70
What are the 6 concepts of Kluckhohn's Model of Basic Assumptions?
1. Society & Nature ways of Surviving
2. Doing and Being Cultures
3. The Concept of Time: Past, Present, Future
4. Individualism & Collectivism
5. Private or Public Space
6. Good or Evil
71
The habitual pattern of reasoning heavily influenced from?
culture's educational structure
72
What are the two styles of reasoning?
Principles First and Application first reasoning
73
Deductive reasoning is principle or application first reasoning?
Principle First Reasoning
74
Inductive is principle or application first reasoning?
Application first reasoning
75
# Choose statements that are correct about Deductive Reasoning!
a. Develop concrete formula that can be applied to various problems
b. Introduced by Aristotle (Greek) Roger & Francis Bacon (UK)
c. General concept to practical conclusion
d. Explain the methodology & underlying principles
e. How before something
Deductive Reasoning or Principle First Reasoning:
| A, C, D
76
A general law is applied on a case-by-case basis is called? Inductive/Deductive?
Deductive or Principle First Reasoning
77
These countries are defined as principle/application first?
a. UK, US
b. Germany, The Netherlands
a. UK, US: Inductive/Application First
| b. Germany, The Netherlands: Deductive/Principle First
78
- Like to receive practical examples up front -> extract learning
- Get to the point & stick to it
Those are the example of?
Inductive or Application First Reasoning
79
Why before something is deductive/inductive?
Deductive/Principle First Reasoning
80
- Observe data from real world ➡️ draw broader conclusion
- Learn the formula ➡️ start applying it
- "How?" Before do something
- Based on common law: a judgment in one case sets a precedent for future cases
Are examples of deductive/inductive?
Inductive/Application First Reasoning
81
- Explain the big picture & show how all pieces fit together
- Emphasize interconnectedness
- Importance of background & context
- More focus on the links between the background & central figures
Those are examples of?
Holistic Thinking
82
Which continent is well-known of its holistic reasoning?
Asia
83
Where a given country falls on the scale matters less than where two cultures fall relative to one another is known as?
Cultural Relativity
84
UK is the most application-first compared to other EU country BUT strongly principles-first compared to US is the view of?
Cultural Relativity
85
Based on Maslow's Hierarchy according to culture, what are the similarities between West & Asia culture? And what aspect is it?
Safety & Psychological (Physical aspect)
86
What are aspects of West & Asia in Maslow's Hierarchy of culture? (5 parts each)
1. West
- Personal: Self-Actualisation
- Social: Prestige & Belonging
- Physical: Safety & Physiological
2. Asia
- Social: Status, Admiration, Affiliation
- Physiological: Safety & Physical
87
What does hygiene factor mean?
Things that could cause a person to become unhappy with their job
88
Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction exist on dual scales, what are they?
Hygiene factors & Motivational factors
89
Company policies, working conditions, relations with others, rate of pay, personal life are important aspects from?
Hygiene Factors
90
a. Personal life
b. Recognition
c. Achievement
d. Relations with others
e. Responsibility
f. Job interest
Define those statements in terms of Hygiene or Motivational Factors!
a. Hygiene
b. Motivational
c. Motivational
d. Hygiene
e. Motivational
f. Motivational
91
Survive by changing the environment to meet their needs is the example of?
Nature Dominating Societies
92
Select statements that are true regarding Harmony with Nature!
a. Good at problem-solving
b. Survive by accepting some problems & adapting to them
c. Survive by completely accept their situation
d. Solve the problem systematically ASAP
e. Problem is not removed or decide to fix it some day
B and E
93
There are 3 items of Kluckhohn's Ways of Surviving. What are they & explain!
a. Nature-dominating: Change the environment to meet their needs
b. Harmony with nature: accept some problems & adapting to them
c. Subjugated to nature: completely accept the situation
94
Cultural orientation where meanings are gleaned from the physical, social, and psychological context is?
High Context
95
People survive by changing the environment to meet their needs, they solve their problems systematically is the interpretation of?
Nature dominating societies
96
People survive without drastically changing the environment, some problems they change and solve, some they don’t is the interpretation of?
Harmony with nature
97
People completely accept their situation. This is their preferred survival strategy is the definition of?
Subjugated to nature
98
You, ocha, is doing or being culture?
Being Culture
99
Select statements that are true regarding Doing Cultures!
a. Live to work
b. Work to live
c. Relationship-oriented
d. Task-oriented
e. Set goals & take action
f. Events and ideas flow spontaneously.
g. Performance is important
A, D, E, and G
100
Decide what countries below are characterized based on doing or being cultures!
a. Germany
b. China
c. Turkey, Marocco
d. Australia
e. Spain
f. Indonesia
g. USA
h. The Netherlands
a. Doing
b. Doing
c. Being
d. Doing
e. Being
f. Being
g. Doing
h. Doing
101
Live in houses with locked doors, manager's control, supervise and punish employees are examples of?
Evil Human Nature Belief
102
Believe that people can improve through training is?
Mix of good and evil human nature belief
103
Decide which countries below are past, present, or future time-oriented culture!
a. UK
b. France
c. USA
d. India
e. Australia
f. Russia
g. Latin America
a. Past
b. Past
c. Future
d. Past
e. Present
f. Past
g. Present
104
What are the concepts of trompenaars theories?
1. Universalism & Particularism
2. Neutral & Affective
3. Achievement & Ascription
105
Rules exist for everyone and there is no exception is the example of particularism/universalism?
Universalism
106
Decide which of these statements are correlated to universalism or particularism!
a. People believe that each circumstance and each relationship dictates the rules that they live by.
b. People place a high importance on laws, rules,
values and obligations
c. Their response to a situation may change, based on what’s happening in the moment, and who’s involved.
d. Rules come before relationships.
a. Particularism
b. Universalism
c. Particularism
d. Universalism
107
They control their emotions, not showing it is the example of?
Neutral theory
108
Whom or what you’re associated with?
Who’s your parents? Are u married?
Who they are
Above are examples of what in trompenaars theories?
Ascription
109
What are the 4 corporate cultures based on Trompenaar?
Family culture, Eiffel tower, Guided Missile, Incubator
110
Hierarchy, person orientation, based on the network, management by subjective, high context
Those are the characteristics of which trompenaars' corporate culture?
Family Culture
111
Task-oriented, Hierarchy, Based on structure, management by job description & expertise, everything coordinated from the top
Those are examples of which trompenaars corporate culture?
Eiffel Tower Culture
112
Management by objectives, performance, not focusing on the person, strong emphasis on equality in the workplace, orientation to the task,
Guided Missile
113
- “I stay here because I learn, not for the money”
- Strong emphasis on equality and personal orientation
- Organizations are secondary to the fulfillment of the individuals within
Those are descriptions of which trompenaars corporate culture?
Incubator
114
Tell me what blabla oriented these theories are based on trompenaars corporate culture!
a. Family culture
b. Eiffel Tower
c. Guided Missile
d. Incubator
a. Power-oriented
b. Role-oriented
c. Project-oriented
d. Fulfillment-oriented
115
Which of these countries are family culture?
a. UK
b. Spain
c. China
d. Japan
e. Sweden
f. France
g. Brazil
b, c, d, f, g
116
Which of these countries are Guided Missile culture?
a. Canada
b. France
c. Sweden
d. UK
e. Spain
f. US
a, d, f
117
Germany & Denmark are countries from which theory of corporate culture?
Eiffel Tower
118
Sweden is from which theory of corporate culture?
Incubator
119
There are two types of trust. What are they?
Cognitive trust & Affective trust
120
Confidence in other person’s accomplishments, skills, and reliability is considered as which type of trust?
Cognitive trust
121
Personal interactions and feelings of emotional closeness, empathy, friendship are considered as which type of trust?
Affective trust
122
What do task-based and relationship-based mean?
Task-based: separate cognitive & affective trust
| Relationship-based: mix cognitive & affective trust
123
The US, The Netherlands, Australia, Finland are examples of relationship or task-based?
Task-based: separate cognitive & affective trust
124
What are the differences between peach and coconut culture?
Peach: friendly, open to strangers, smile more
Coconut: close & cold to strangers, not smile often
125
# Choose the correct countries that are categorized as peach culture!
a. Indonesia
b. Russia
c. The Netherlands
d. US
e. Germany
f. Brazil
g. France
A, C, D, F
126
Polish, French, German, and Russian are considered as peach or coconut?
Coconut
127
What does intercultural sensitive mean?
When we are able to look at different cultures from their cultural frame
128
You are able to adjust your behavior and able to move between multiple frames without losing your identity defined as?
Intercultural Sensitivity
129
What are the 6 stages of intercultural competence? (Bennett)
1. Denial
2. Defense
3. Minimization
4. Acceptance
5. Adaptation
6. Integration
130
We think cultures are all the same, not aware of cultural differences is the picture of which stage of intercultural competence?
Denial
131
Other cultures are seen as threatening and inferior or superior is the example of which stage of intercultural competence?
Defense
132
* Still see our norms and values as universal
* Still look it from our own cultural glasses
* “We can help them change, so they’ll be more like us. Then they’ll be alright.”
Those are characteristics of which stage in intercultural competence?
Minimization
133
* We are able to recognize and accept cultural differences.
* Cultural differences are a source of new ideas and solutions
Are examples of which stage of intercultural competence?
134
* We are able to evaluate another culture from the frame of reference of the other culture.
* We can adjust our behaviour appropriately, place ourselves in their norms-and-values system and behave like it. (Knowledge and behaviour level)
Those are characteristics of which stage in intercultural competence?
Adaptation
135
We are able to practice multiple frames of reference, Good intercultural mediators are picture of which stage in intercultural competence?
Integration or Intercultural Competence
136
A process of adjusting from living in a familiar, predictable environment to living in a country where everything is new is called?
Cultural shock
137
What are the stages in cultural shock? EXPLAIN each!
1. Pre-departure stage: stressful uncertainty
2. Vacation stage: excited of new envrnmnt
3. Angry stage: emotional & physical stress
4. Adjustment & strategy stage: resolve the stress
5. Re-entry shock: when fitting back to old envrnmnt
138
the idea that a person’s belief should not be used to judge another culture is called?
Cultural relativism
139
Mention 4 concepts of trust!
English, German, French, Japanese concept of trust
140
-Reliance on and confidence in the truth
-Worth and reliability of a person
or thing.
Those are examples of which concept of trust?
English concept of trust
141
In german concept of truth there are 2 things, what are they?
Trauen (-) & Vertrauen (+)
142
Vertrauen is considered negative or positive in german concept of trust?
Positive
143
Notion of sharing common beliefs is central is from which concept of trust?
French
144
shin-yô: sincere business is from which concept of trust?
Japan
