exam three

Question 1

phenotype

Answer 1

an individual’s actual appearance

Question 2

genotypes

Answer 2

alleles carried by the chromosomes that are responsible for a given trait

Question 3

cystic fibrosis

Answer 3

most common lethal genetic disorder among caucasians in the US; chloride ion chancel defective due to mutation

Question 4

polygenetic inheritance

Answer 4

a trait controlled by two or more genes; skin color and height

Question 5

linkage group

Answer 5

all alleles on one chromosome

Question 6

mother

Answer 6

male humans get their X chromosome from their

Question 7

recessive

Answer 7

most X-linked disorders are __________ for females

Question 8

karotype

Answer 8

chromosomes arranged by pairs according to their size and general appearance

Question 9

trisomy

Answer 9

three copy chromosome

Question 10

monosomy

Answer 10

one copy chromosome

Question 11

turner syndrome

Answer 11

females have one X chromosome; usually are short with webbed neck, high palate, and small jaw; no puberty

Question 12

poly x

Answer 12

more than 2 X chromosomes; usually tall, no other phenotypes

Question 13

polyploidy

Answer 13

errors in mutation can produce a species that has more than two chromosome sets

Question 14

lamarack

Answer 14

inheritance of acquired traits

Question 15

Darwin

Answer 15

evolution by natural selection

Question 16

fossils

Answer 16

remains and traces of past life

Question 17

mold

Answer 17

a fossil in which air space remains

Question 18

cast

Answer 18

fossil where silica fills the space

Question 19

transitional forms

Answer 19

individuals in between known related animals

Question 20

vestigial structures

Answer 20

anatomical structures with a function in one group of organisms, but reduced function in a closely related group

Question 21

homology

Answer 21

similarly that results from common ancestry

Question 22

analogy

Answer 22

similarity that results form separately evolved structures that have a similar function; eyes of humans vs. eyes of whales

Question 23

vertebrates

Answer 23

at some point in development, _____ all have a tail posterior to the anus and structures called pharyngeal pouches

Question 24

artificial selection

Answer 24

type of human-controlled breeding to increase the frequency of desired traits

Question 25

microevolution

Answer 25

a change in allele frequency in a population over time

Question 26

gene pool

Answer 26

all alleles of all genes in a population

Question 27

bottleneck effect

Answer 27

chance event that change allele frequency; loss of genetic diversity

Question 28

founder effect

Answer 28

a few individuals colonize a new habitat; also a loss of genetic diversity

Question 29

gene flow

Answer 29

the movement of alleles between populations; increases genetic diversity

Question 30

stabilizing selection

Answer 30

average phenotype is favored

Question 31

directional selection

Answer 31

one extreme phenotype is favored

Question 32

disruptive selection

Answer 32

two extreme phenotypes are favored

Question 33

macroevolution

Answer 33

evolution involving speciation and divergence of life into all of its forms

Question 34

speciation

Answer 34

two different populations of a single species evolve into separate species

Question 35

allopatric speciation

Answer 35

geographical barriers separate a population into two groups

Question 36

sympatric speciation

Answer 36

speciation occurs in the same region

Question 37

miller urey

Answer 37

experiment that created atmospheric conditions to make all 22 amino acids

Question 38

halophiles

Answer 38

salty

Question 39

thermoacidophiles

Answer 39

hot, acidic, aquatic environments

Question 40

methanogens

Answer 40

anaerobic, use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy, swamp and intestines

Question 41

binary fission

Answer 41

how do bacteria reproduce

Question 42

conjugation

Answer 42

reproduction of bacteria by way of a sex plus

Question 43

tranformation

Answer 43

getting genetic information from dead bacteria

Question 44

transduction

Answer 44

viruses carry bacterial DNA from cell to cell

Question 45

heterotrophic

Answer 45

require organic carbon for food

Question 46

chemoautotrophs

Answer 46

use chemicals to fix carbon dioxide

Question 47

photoautotrophs

Answer 47

cyanobacteria that utilizes photosynthesis

Question 48

food poisoning

Answer 48

toxin grows in the food

Question 49

capsid and nucleic acid core

Answer 49

what ar two components of all viruses

Question 50

attachment

Answer 50

viral life cycle: spike combines with receptor

Question 51

entry

Answer 51

viral life cycle: virus enters cell and uncoating begins

Question 52

replication

Answer 52

viral life cycle: many copies of viral RNA genome are made

Question 53

biosynthesis

Answer 53

viral life cycle: viral components are synthesized

Question 54

assembly

Answer 54

viral life cycle: new viruses are now present

Question 55

budding

Answer 55

viral life cycle: virus acquires an envelope and spikes

Question 56

antigenic drift

Answer 56

small changes in the virus, mutation of existing traits

Question 57

antigenic shift

Answer 57

new combination of surface spikes

Question 58

prions

Answer 58

infectious protein particles

Question 59

archaeplastids

Answer 59

red and green algae, spirogyra

Question 60

spirogyra

Answer 60

filamentous green algae, ribbon like chloroplast, reproduce by conjugation

Question 61

chromalveolates

Answer 61

dinoflagellates, ciliates, brown algae, diatoms

Question 62

diatoms

Answer 62

unicellular algae, glassy cell wall, filter or abrasives

Question 63

brown algae

Answer 63

multicellular and marine, kelp

Question 64

dinoflagellates

Answer 64

unicellular algae, red tides, bioluminescent water

Question 65

ciliates

Answer 65

unicellular protists, heterotrophs use cilia to move and sweep food into their mouths

Question 66

excavates

Answer 66

flagellates, euglena

Question 67

flagellates

Answer 67

use a flagella to move, euglena

Question 68

euglena

Answer 68

mixotrophy, eyespot for detecting light intensity, flagella

Question 69

amoeba

Answer 69

pseudopodia, nucleus, heterotroph

Question 70

plasmodium

Answer 70

a single cell that is large and multinucleate, feeds on decomposers and dead plant matter

Question 71

saprophytic

Answer 71

decomposers that recycle nutrients into the ecosystem

Question 72

lichen

Answer 72

relationship between algae and fungi

Question 73

mycorrhizae

Answer 73

relationship between plant roots and fungi

Question 74

hyphae

Answer 74

a body mass of individual filaments

Question 75

mycelium

Answer 75

a mass of hyphae

Question 76

chitin

Answer 76

what do fungi cell walls have that separates the from plant cell walls

Question 77

conidia

Answer 77

sac fungi reproduction of chains of asexual spores

Question 78

basidium

Answer 78

the sexual reproduction of a club fungi