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1
Q

Arthropods

A

External skeleton invertebrates. Insects are within this class. Huge component of biodiversity.

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2
Q

Hexapoda

A

Adult insect.
6 legs
3 body regions
2 pairs of wings
1 pair of antennae
1 pair of compound eyes.
Undergo metamorphosis- adults use different resources to young.

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3
Q

Groups of Hexapoda

A

Lepidoptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
Hymenoptera
Ominoptera
Hemiptera

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4
Q

Hexapoda legs

A

Come from thorax. Broken into
3 parts each with a pair of legs.

Coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsi then pretarsus.

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5
Q

Myriapoda

A

millipedes- two pairs of legs per body segment and vegetarian. Decaying plant matter.
Centipedes- one pair of legs per body segment and predatory.

Both have one set of antennas

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6
Q

Crustaceans

A

Generally aquatic with some land dwelling- still got gills

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7
Q

Chelicerata

A

Mites, sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions and spiders.
Pedipalps no antennae.
Primary eyes and many secondary eyes

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8
Q

Groups found in Burgess Shale

A

Has high levels of hard and soft tissue detail from Cambrian
Radiodonts- largest things at thag point in sea. Eye stalks for predation with swimming appendages.
Trilobites
Crustaceans
Chelicerates
Lopodians- hydraulic legs on sea floor. Related to tardigrades and onchyophorans (velvet worms)

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9
Q

When do insects appear

A

First evidence in rhynie chert. 400MYA
Cell level detail preserved. Cyanobacteria, freshwater algae, plants and arthropods can be overages. Myriapoda and hexopods as well as spore rich coprolites. Arachnids too- and first penis.

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10
Q

Carboniferous swamp foresss

A

Lots of O2 in atmosphere. Widespread environment 327-299MYa. Vertebrates on land now.
Insect giantism happening. Likely due to large amounts of oxygen in atmosphere- respiratory system is limited. Giantism stopped when birds and pterosaurs evolved too.

Evidence of first insect-plant pollination. Similar to wasp and figs today

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11
Q

Lacewings

A

Convergent evolution with butterflies from Mesozoic. Has the same eye spot and filled in pollination niche

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12
Q

Integument

A

A network of features that forms the covering of an organism.

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13
Q

Insect colours

A

Mostly yellow, orange and red carotenoid or brown melanin in cuticle.
Green and purple from structural features of cuticle

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14
Q

Integument structure

A

Exocuticle, endocuticle, epidermis. With setes, gland openings and ridges for muscle attachment.
Cuticle is non-living and secreted by the epidermal cell. Epidermis is one layer of cells thick. Basement membrane under epidermis separates cells from hemolymph

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15
Q

Sclerotization

A

Cuticle becoming hard from chitin. Unmodified is translucent, pliable and resilient. Adults have proteins interwoven to make it dark and hard.

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16
Q

Ecdysis

A

Moulting of cuticle

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17
Q

Insect gills

A

Outgrowths of tracheal system covered by a thin layer of cuticular permiable to CO2 and O2. Leaf like in shape and located on sides or abdomen. Fanning movements to keep constant water supply

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18
Q

Pulsatile organs

A

As well as dorsal vessel insects have other structures to maintain circulation- wing bearing segments, bases of antenna and legs

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19
Q

Nervous system segments

A

Brain, subesophageal ganglion, thoracic ganglia, abdominal ganglia

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20
Q

Ptotocerebrum

A

Brain part 1. Associated with vison. Compound eyes and ocelli

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21
Q

Deutocerebrum

A

Brain part 2. Processes sensory information from antennae

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22
Q

Tritocerebrum

A

Brain part 3. Labrum and integrates the sensory inputs form proto and deuto cerebrums. Links brain with rest of nervous system

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23
Q

Sub-oesophageal ganglion

A

Neve system 1
Mandibles, maxillae, labium, hypoyhorax, salivary glands and neck muscles

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24
Q

Thoracic ganglia

A

Nerve system 5. Sometimes fused. Controls legs and wings

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25
Abdominal ganglia
Nerve system 6 Abdominal muscles
26
Proprioceptors
Hair plates or position receptors. Mechanoreceptors. Hair sensillia are located in patches with a pleuron in Z shape (fold of intersegemntak membrane). Located in neck and joints of legs and palps.
27
Hydroreceptors and thermoreceptors
Humidity important to conserve water. Temperature and humidity receptor are in same sensillum. Short peg with no pore. Always on insect antennae
28
Campaniform sensilla
Mechanirdceptor. Dentrite in epidermis to cuticle from sensory neurone in epidermis. Can sense when cuticle is bending. Found throughout body but especially on legs and near wing base.
29
Trichofrom sensillae
Hair coming off cuticle with dentrite touching to sense movement. Mouthparts, legs, antennae and wings.
30
Chemoreceptors- taste
Gustatory receptor. Thick walled hairs with dendrite in with open tip or pit with several exposed to environment through a single pore.
31
Chemoreceptors-smell
Olfactory receptors. Usually thin walled pegs/cones/plates with many pores for airborne molecules tk diffuse. Send tired of many sensory organs.
32
Insecta subclasses
Hemimetabola (partial metamorphosis) Molometabola (full metamorphosis)
33
Apterygota
Wingless and don’t metamorphosis. Less developed
34
Pterygota
Split into exo and ends Exo- external wing development, incomplete metamorphosis, pupal stage absent and naiad or nymph as immature stage. Endo- internal wing development, complete metamorphosis, has a pupal stage and immature is larva
35
Univoltine vs bivoltine
One generation vs two of offspring per year
36
Oothecae
Specialist structure eggs are laid in to protect them
37
Larvae
Endopterygota
38
Nymph
Exopterygota
39
Chrysalis
Butterfly
40
Cocoon
Moth
41
Lepidoptera
Butterflies and moths. Wings are extensions of cuticle. Scales on wings are modified, flattened hairs with colours and patterns. Wings are pairs but move as one. Wing margin are essential for ID.
42
Lepidoptera feeding
Liquid feeders. Adults have proboscis that rolls up. Compound eyes are large. Generally drink nectar- just needs any sugar rich food. Larvae have mandibles for soft tissue like leaves. Several ocelli for seeing because don’t need good sight.
43
Lepidoptera larvae
Have osmeterium- similar to antennae but are defensive organ. Ventral protolegs are specific to Lepidoptera.
44
Moth vs butterfly
Butterfly- have hook on wing. Wings up and closed at rest. Have clubbed antennae. Moth- wings low and cover body at rest. Have feathered antennae. Skippers- hooked club antennae
45
Eusocial
Living in a cooperative group with usually one female and several males reproductively active and non-breeding individuals caring for young and providing for the group.
46
Key features of Eusocial species
Co-operative brood care Overlap of generations Reproductive division of Labour
47
Blattodea
The order with cockroaches and termites. Termites are like social cockroaches.
48
Hymenoptera
Wings hook together for flight. Symphyta- no waist Apocrita- narrow waist. Ants, wasps and bees.
49
Coleoptera
Beetles!
50
Filiform vs plumose
Filiform -Thread like antennae. Plumose- feather like antennae
51
Coccinellidae
Ladybugs. Round oval with convex elytra with bright patterns. Antennae are clubbed. Carnivorous- eat aphids
52
Staphylinidae
Rove beetles. Biggest group. Short elytra that leave >half of abdomen exposed. Elongated shape. Antennae have 11 segments and are Filiform.
53
Carabidae
Ground beetles. Classic beetle shape. Filiform antennae. All have notch in front leg tibia (antennae cleaning notch). Legs are long to run fast and elytra cover almsot all of abdomen.
54
Scarabaeidae
Scarabs. Stout bodied with bright or metallic colours. Clubbed antennae with plates (lamellae) that can be compressed into hall or fanned out like leaves- smell. Herbivores or detritivores
55
Fleas vs licen
Flea- some time is spent off host. Can be specific of generalist Lice- all of life spent on host. Very specific to host. Both are obligatory parasites.
56
Evolution of parasitism
Feeding on organic matter -> scavenging detritus present in lair/nest -> moving into host to feed on skin, hair and blood. Or Had mouthparts for biting/rasping/sucking. Prehaps opportunistically fed on blood from wounds-> became dependent on blood
57
Ectoparasite features
Relatively mobile- can find new hosts quickly Relatively resistant- can survive off host in environment for some time Broad range of relatively abundant hosts on which it can feed.
58
Host responded to arthropod parasites
Grooming Reciprocal allogroomjng system Migration patterns
59
Direct harms from parasites
Usually related directly to parasite abundance Blood loss, allergy, skin inflammation, pruritus, cutaneous lesions (infection risk), myiasis
60
Indirect harms from parasites
Pathogen transmission Accidental injuries Disturbance Reduction in feeding
61
Diptera
Flies. Second pair of wings have been reduced to sensory organ called halters. Larvae have distinct head capsule. Brachycera- robust hairy flies with short antennae nematocera- more delicate with mosquito type body and long antennae. Mouthparts are designed to pierce skin for blood mealsz
62
Spiders
4 pairs of legs. Body divide into two tagmata rather than 3. Cephalothorax and abdomen. No antennae or wings.
63
Hard ticks
Have mouths visible from above. Exist off a host in an environment and feed off animals moving in its
64
Soft ticks
Mouthparts not visable from above. Live life around nest of other animals.
65
Viviparous
Insects that gestate inside mother
66
Thorax sections in order
Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
67
Odonata
Dragonflies and damselflies
68
Siphonaptera
Fleas. Eggs are laid in host nest where larvae scavenged pupae can be dormant for sometime and emerge as adults when host is available.
69
Phthiraptera
Lice. Mostly blind. Entire life on host- cannot survive more than 2 days off host. Immature stage is nymphs. No pupal stage.
70
Types of human lice
Head- found in hair, neck and ears. Body- clothing. In seams then move to body to feed. Pubic- colonise Areas of thick hair growth.
71
Pediculosis
Heavy lice infestation. Pruritus and fermi Al irritation. In severe infections loss of hair and local scarification. Extreme infestation can cause anaemia. Common in cattle.
72
Two types of lice
Anoplura- sucking. Have mouthparts to feed on blood. Mallophaga- biting and chewing. Ingest outer layer of hair shafts, dermal scales and scabs. Bird lice can also feed on feathers
73
Myiasis
Infestation with fully larvae
74
Brachycera mouthparts
Type of fly Sponging Rasping Piercing
75
Calliphoridae
Blow flies. Medium to large with metallic blue-green sheen. Majority are saprophages (loving on dead organic material). Some species found in myiasis of donestic animals. Goes through instars then pupates.
76
Oestridae
Botfly. Larvae live as parasites within bodies of mammals. Often hairy and look like bees. Do not feed- lack functional mouthparts.
77
Kick sampling
Done in flowing water. Often catches nymphs and larvae. Substrate disturbed to catch them in net held in water at random spots for set time. Debris removed and insects put in ethanol for lab ID.
78
Sweep met
Herbaceous soft vegetation. Funnel shaped net attached to long frame sweeps through vegetation. Many insects caught quickly. Does not work with wet, flattened or short vegetation. Nets catch on vegetation. Misses species very close to ground.
79
Beating tray
Used on wood. Big white sheet put under vegetation. Vegetation is wacked- insects fall. Only do once as insects will hold on. Not much time before insects escape- suction device used or quick count.
80
Suction samples
Devices that pull insects into net or bottle. Heavy and difficult to take to remote areas. Best for sampling lower down vegetation- cannot sweep. Small handheld versions used for beating trays.
81
Berlese funnels
Extract from soil and litter samples. Creatires in soil react negatively to light- light at top of bag forced insects down through tunnel into container with ethanol.
82
Wicker sack
Alternative to berlese funnel. Takes up little space when not in use- can be taken into field. Do not need powerful light source- arthropods will move down without it.
83
Pit fall traps
Any collection vessel set into soil with rim level to soil surface. Invertebrates on ground level fall in and cannot escape. Partly full of preserving fluid to prevent decomposition. No sense leaf litter.
84
Pan trap
Plastic bowls painted white, yellow and blue. Filled with water and detergent. See out for a time and set distance above ground. Takes advantage of attraction to plants. Only works for day flying insects. Colours impact what you catch.
85
Sticky traps
Commercially available for pest control/monitoring. Catch flying insects e.g. aphids. Benefit parasitic wasps.
86
Malaise reason
Catch flying insects. Insects fly into net then up to escape. Eventually fly into collection bottle with ethanol. Need to be placed in open area where flight can be intercepted.
87
Light trap
Light confused insects and changes flight path. Some will fly around it others settle around it. Effective for night flyers.
88
drivers of insect population decline
Habitat loss and fragmentation Climate change Invasive species. Overexploitation Agricultural practices Pesticides Chemical pollution Light pollution.
89
Acari
Mites and ticks
90
Nidicolous vs nonnidicolous
Leaves nest vs stays in nest

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