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PSYC 351 > exam two > Flashcards

exam two Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 methods that can be used to study perception and cognition in infants?

A

Sucking response, event related potentials, preferential looking

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2
Q

What is habituation?

A

Decrease in responding that occurs when a stimulus has been presented a number of times

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3
Q

What is the preferential looking paradigm?

A

When two sources of stimulus are provided to an infant, see if infant shows preference to look at one over the other.

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4
Q

What is sensation?

A

Processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain.

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5
Q

What is perception?

A

Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information.

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6
Q

What is acuity?

A

Clarity with which the visual image can be perceived.

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7
Q

When does colour vision arise in infants?

A

2-3 months

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8
Q

What obvious visual preference do infants show?

A

Patterns of high visual contrast

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9
Q

At what age do infants begin scanning the interior of images rather than just perimeters?

A

2 months

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11
Q

What is the relation between infants and attractive faces?

A

Infants prefer to look at faces that are rated as attractive. They will also show preference for attractive strangers vs unattractive.

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12
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

Perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, colour

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13
Q

What is depth perception?

A

A depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background, indicating that the object is approaching

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14
Q

When does perception of pictorial representations change for infants?

A

At 19 months infants treat pictures as though they were real objects

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15
Q

What is auditory localization?

A

When newborns turn toward sounds

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16
Q

What forms of taste and smell differentiation do infants show?

A

Infants of 2 weeks age prefer the scent and taste of their own mother_s milk

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17
Q

What is intermodal perception?

A

Combining of information from two or more senses

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18
Q

What is the breathing reflex?

A

Permanent, reflex to breath

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19
Q

What is the eye blink reflex?

A

Permanent, reflex to blink lubricating eye

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20
Q

What is the pupillary reflex?

A

Permanent, change of pupil according to light available

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21
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

Gone by three weeks, involves touching infants cheek so they turn seeking nipple

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22
Q

What is the swallowing reflex?

A

Permanent, changes with experience

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23
Q

What is the sucking reflex?

A

Permanent, changes with experience

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24
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

Disappears within 8-12 months, when foot is tickled, toes flare up

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25
Q

What is the palmar grasp?

A

Gone by 3-4 months, changes to voluntary

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26
Q

What is the moro reflex?

A

Gone by 4-6 months, flaring out of limbs when loss of support

27
Q

What is the swimming reflex?

A

Gone after 4-6 months

28
Q

What is stepping reflex?

A

Gone after 8 weeks

29
Q

What is the dynamic-systems approach to motor development?

A

Increase in strength, posture control, balance, perceptual skills, motivation

30
Q

What are scale errors?

A

When an infant can_t distinguish between objects similar in qualities except for size

31
Q

What are the three types of learning as discussed in class?

A

Classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, and observational learning

32
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus with a stimulus that always evokes a reflexive response

33
Q

What is instrumental conditioning?

A

Involves learning the relation between one_s own behavior and the consequences that result (EX positive reinforcement)

34
Q

What is observational learning?

A

The ability to imitate the behavior of others

35
Q

What did Gergely et al. discover about rational imitation?

A

Children were able to distinguish that the light did not need to be turned on with the head, but that they were able to accomplish the same action using their hands.

36
Q

What is violation of expectancy?

A

When infant is presented with a situation that is impossible. They look longer at _impossible_ event

37
Q

What is social knowledge?

A

Infants gain understanding that the behavior of others is purposeful and goal directed.

38
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

We acquire and represent conceptual knowledge based on our sensorimotor experiences with our bodies in the world. When we need to access information, the same sensorimotor areas that were initially activated will be reactivated

39
Q

How does action alter shape categorization?

A

When children moved an object, the direction and position they moved it influenced which objects they later classified in the same category.

40
Q

How does action influence brain activation in children?

A

When children are taught 5 new actions with objects to complete themselves and 5 new actions that they watch someone else complete with objects, the children show greater brain activation for the actions that they completed when shown pictures of objects and the names of the actions. James & Swain

41
Q

What are the properties of language? 3

A

Social tool, rule-governed, generative system

42
Q

What are the four components of language?

A

Phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

43
Q

What is phonology?

A

It is the important sounds and the way they are combined to make words, stress and intonation

44
Q

What is syntax?

A

Rules for how to combine words into phrases and sentences, as well as how to manipulate one sentence in to another

45
Q

What are semantics?

A

System of rules governing the meaning or content of words and word combinations

46
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of meaning

47
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

Refers to the use of language to express one_s intentions and get things done in the world.

48
Q

What are the requirements for language?

A

Nature (human brain) and nurture (experience hearing others, infant-directed speech)

49
Q

What are cues that infants use to segment speech?

A

Stress (first syllable of the word is often strong while the next is weak), highly familiar words (frequently occurring words are associated to their reference), statistics (sounds that are more likely to follow others inform infant of where words lie)

50
Q

What did Saffran et al. show about infants and syllables?

A

They showed that after repeating a line of nonsense syllables for two minutes, infants of 8 months age were able to distinguish the _words_ by syllables

51
Q

What are the criteria for an infants words to be a _true word_?

A

Phonetic relationship to adult word, must use word referentially

52
Q

What are two early production errors?

A

Underextension (using a word to refer to only subset of full referents) and overextension (word to refer to all of the referents but also used to refer to further inappropriate referents)

53
Q

What are speaker cues that infants use to learn word meaning?

A

Joint attention, gaze direction, emotional/behavioral cues

54
Q

How do children acquire word meaning?

A

Mutual exclusivity (objects only have one name, implicating new words map to nameless objects), attention to syntactic cues

55
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

Multi word utterances that contain only critical content words

56
Q

What do we know about the use of symbols for children?

A

We know that it is difficult for them to understand that an article represents both itself and something else, IE scale tasks, infants do not understand that its not the same as its bigger counter part. DeLoache et al. showed children a shrinking machine and then they were able to understand

57
Q

What is categorizing?

A

Respond to discriminably different entities from a common class as members of the same category.

58
Q

How do children categorize the world?

A

Inanimate objects, People, Other living things

59
Q

How does language assist learning?

A

language can be used to describe properties that cannot be identified or otherwise inferred from sensory-perceptual information. also, natural languages provide distinctions that signal whether a property should be associated with an individual instance of a kind or with an abstract kind more generally.

60
Q

What are the three constructs commonly used to understand human behaviour?

A

Desires, beliefs, actions

61
Q

What are the properties of psychological concepts?

A
  1. They refer to invisible mental states 2. The concepts are all linked to each other in cause-effect relations 3. They develop early in life
62
Q

when are infants able to start tracking moving objects?

A

smoothly at 2-3 months

PSYC 351 (2 decks)

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