Exam Two Flashcards
(51 cards)
Culture
umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
Where did Christopher Columbus land?
Guanahaní
What disease did he likely bring to the native people of this area?
Smallpox, Influenza, Measles, Bubonic Plague
Did he take any disease back to Europe?
Syphilis
Characteristics of the Old World
East-West orientation with continuity of similar climatic zones, occupied for a much longer period of time, more varied human population, domesticates include (cats, cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, reindeer, water buffalo, chickens, geese, ducks, honeybees.), vast trade routes. Poor hygiene, inadequate diet, frequent warfare, repeated epidemics, interconnected societies.
Characteristics of the New World
peace-loving, culturally stagnant, live in harmony with nature, solitary societies, occupied a much shorter amount of time compared to the old world, domesticates include (llamas, guinea pigs, some foul), homogeneous population.
Examples of Diseases Present in the Old World
Tuberculosis, Leprosy, malaria, cholera, bubonic plague, typhus, smallpox, measles, diphtheria, influenza, poliomyelitis, schistosomiasis, kala-azar(leishmaniasis), filariasis, yellow fever, African sleeping sickness(trypanosomiasis)
Characteristics of smallpox
Has no animal reservoir, acute (comes and leaves quickly) disease producing skin lesions, has distinctive pock marks or creators and spreads through skin-to-sin and air contact
Affect of Smallpox in Mexico
Handful of Spanish conquistadors led by Cortez and Pizarro defeat Mexican Aztec and Peruvian Inca empires with help from smallpox and measles. By the end of its streets were filled with dead Aztecs and Incas whether they helped Cortez or not by murder or disease. Aztecs thought smallpox was supernatural and massive amounts converted to Christianity who survived. Also, the wealth that Spain got from the Americas fostered leisure lifestyle which made them slow to entering the industrial revolution.
Affect of smallpox in America
John Winthrop heard of the epidemic of smallpox affecting local Indian tribes and thought that it was the Lord’s deliberate doing so they could get the land. Sir Geoffrey Amherst provided ‘hostile’ Indian groups with smallpox infected blankets for the Trail of Tears. In the American Revolution when Washington tried to take Quebec lost 55% of his men because of smallpox. They had to retreat. This in turn delayed his attack on Boston because he was afraid that the British would use smallpox as a biological weapon.
Affect of smallpox in the Old World
Many Monarchs had them like Queen Mary of England, Joseph 1 of Germany, Peter 2 of Russia, Louis XV of France, and William 2 of Orange. They would paint their faces in order to hide the smallpox.
Affect of the Spanish Flu
Killed 40-60 million people which is catastrophic, spread during WW1. 4 waves. Wave one: effected the war (3/4 french, ½ british, and 900,000 German troops fell ill. Wave Two: much more deadly and the deadliest wave, caused by training and troop movement. Wave Three: not as deadly but still bad, 10s of thousands of Americans died in 6 months. Wave Four: isolated areas, large cities, highest death rates. BIG POINTS (Fragile societies due to war, no natural immunity, no centralized healthcare)
Affect of Poliomyelitis Virus
relatively new, mainly infects children less than or equal to 5 and can affect kids aged 5-9 at a greater risk, can lead to irreversible paralysis, can spread disease for up to 6 months, caused 1/5 of deaths in Sweden, The iron lung is a pressurized chamber that you sent children in who had smallpox.
What are the different nutrients that microbes need to survive?
Essential, macronutrients, micronutrients
Essential nutrients
compounds a microbe cannot make itself
Macronutrients
nutrients needed in large amounts like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, hydrogen, and sulfur
Micronutrients
needed in small amounts like copper, manganese, zinc, and nickel
Bacteria reproduction using the Growth Cycle
- Lag Phase- bacteria are preparing their cell machinery for growth 2. Log Phase- growth approximates an exponential curve 3. Stationary phase- cells stop growing and shut down their growth machinery while turning on stress responses to help retain viability 4. Death Phase- cells begin to die at an exponential rate.
Chemically defined media
exact chemical composition is known; fastidious organisms are those that require many growths factors
Complex media
extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants; chemical composition varies batch to batch, used in lab to grow heterotrophic bacteria and fungi.
selective media
Compounds in the media prevent some types of bacteria from growing, favoring the growth of one specific type.
Differential media
Compounds in media are metabolized differently, color indicator.
reducing media
Used for the cultivation of anaerobic bacteria, contain chemicals that combine O2 to deplete it, heated to drive off O2
MAC indicators
neutral red
