Exam Two Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
arteries
A
carry blood away from the heart
- arteries become smaller as they branch
arteries > arterioles > capillary
2
Q
veins
A
return blood to the heart
capillaries > venules > veins
deep veins and superficial veins
3
Q
anastomosis
A
a convergence of two or more vessels
- veins anastomose with each other more than arteries do
4
Q
companion vessels
A
arteries and veins that lie next to each other
ex: brachial artery / brachial vein
5
Q
systemic circulations
A
extends to all body regions
systematic vessels (arteries and veins)
- aorta and branches
- superior vena cava and inferior vena cava
6
Q
pulmonary circulations
A
vessels to and from the lungs
- pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins
7
Q
where do pulmonary arteries travel to
A
the lungs (deoxygenated blood)
8
Q
where do pulmonary veins travel to
A
the heart ( oxygenated blood)
9
Q
what three layers do arteries and veins have
A
tunica intima (deepest)
tunica media
tunica externa or tunica adventitia (most superficial)
10
Q
how many layers does the capillary walls contain
A
one layer
11
Q
what is the name of the layer in the capillary walls
A
endothelium
12
Q
what does the endothelium allow for
A
allows rapid exchange of nutrients and gases
13
Q
tunica intima consists of
A
endothelium lining
subendothelial layer
14
Q
tunica media consists of
A
smooth muscle - vasoconstriction
15
Q
tunica externa or tunica adventitia consists of
A
CT that anchors vessels to surroundings
large blood vessels require vasa vasorum
16
Q
what are the three kinds of arteries
A
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
17
Q
in arteries as the diameter decreases
A
theres a decrease in the amount of elastic fibers and an increase in smooth muscle
18
Q
what do elastic arteries branch into
A
muscular arteries
19
Q
what are elastic arteries also known as
A
conducting arteries ( largest arteries)
20
Q
what do elastic fibers in the elastic arteries allow for
A
stretch when heart pumps blood to them
21
Q
what are some examples of elastic arteries
A
aorta, pulmonary trunk. pulmonary arteries, etc
22
Q
what do muscular arteries branch into
A
arterioles
23
Q
what are some examples of muscular arteries
A
brachial arteries, radial arteries, femoral arteries, etc
24
Q
what are muscular arteries also known as
A
distributing arteries ( medium sized)
25
muscular arteries possess elastic fibers into what two concentric rings
internal elastic lamina
external elastic lamina
26
arteriole vasoconstriction
decreased blood flow into capillaries
increases blood pressure
27
arteriole vasodilation
increased blood flow into capillaries
28
what is the purpose of capillaries
to connect arterioles to venules
29
continuous capillaries
complete lining, most common type
ex: muscle , brain
30
fenestrated capillaries
endothelial cells contain pores, allowing exchange between blood and interstitial tissue
ex: in the small intestine, kidney
31
sinusoid capillaries
contain large gaps between endothelial cells and a discontinuous basement membrane , allow transport of large molecules and cells to and from blood
ex: liver
32
what are venules
the smallest veins, are companion vessels with arterioles
venules merge to form veins
33
what is the purpose of veins
veins drain capillaries and return blood to the heart
pressure in veins is much lower than in arteries
34
what is the blood pressure like in veins
it's low
- veins contain valves to prevent pooling
- valves are formed from tunica intima
35
what is the venous return assisted by
respiratory pump
- involves changes in intrathoracic and intra abdominal pressure
36
what do large veins travel with
elastic arteries
37
what do lymph vessels return
fluid to the venous circulation
if not removed, would accumulate and cause edema
38
what is the purpose of lymphatic vessels
transport fluids and help fight infections
transports dietary lipids through lacteals
aid in the production and maturation of lymphocytes
generates an immune response against antigens
39
what is a lymphatic capillary
closed-ended tubes interspersed among most blood capillary beds
40
whats the purpose of lymph and lymph vessels
transport lymph through progressively larger vessels
lymphatic capillaries > lymphatic vessels > lymphatic trunks > lymphatic ducts
41
what do lymphatic capillaries merge to form
lymphatic vessels
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afferent lymphatic vessels
bring lymph to a lymph node
43
efferent lymphatic vessels
transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node
44
jugular trunks
head and neck
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subclavian trunks
upper limbs, breasts and superficial thoracic wall
46
bronchiomediastinal trunk
deep thoracic structures
47
intestinal trunks
most abdominal structures
48
lumbar trunks
lower limbs, abdominopelvic wall and pelvic organs
49
what is the largest lymphatic vessel
thoracic duct
50
what does the right lymphatic duct do
returns lymph from the right side of the head and neck, right upper limb and the right side of the thorax
51
what does the thoracic duct do
collects lymph from most of the body
passes through the diaphragm aortic opening and returns lymph into the junction between the left subclavian and internal jugular veins
52
what are the three types of lymphocytes
t-lymphocytes ( T cells)
b-lymphocytes ( B cells)
natural killer ( NK cells)
53
what is the purpose of all three types of lymphocytes
to migrate through the lymphatic system and search for harmful antigens
54
which lymphocyte makes up 70-85 percent of the body lymphocytes
T cells
55
what are the two types of T cells
helper t-lymphocytes
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
56
what do helper t cells do
oversee immune response
present antigens to other lymphatic cells
secrete cytokines - molecules that activate other lymphatic cells
57
what do cytotoxic t cells do
respond to one type of antigen only, must be activated by a helper t cell
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memory t cell
mount rapid response to previously encountered antigen
59
regulatory t cell
suppress immune responses
60
which lymphocyte makes up 15-30 percent of the body lymphocytes
b cells
61
what are b cells activated by
t cells
62
what do most activated b cells become
plasma cells which produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies
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what do a few activated b cells become
memory b cells and confer immunity to certain antigens for many years or a lifetime
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what are natural killer cells also called
larger granular lymphocytes
65
what are NK cells capable of
unlike t and b cells, NK cells can kill a variety of infected cells and some cancerous cells
66
lymphoid nodules
clusters of lymphoid cells with some extracellular matrix but without a connective tissue capsule
67
what is the center of a nodule called
germinal center
- contains proliferating b cells and macrophages
68
what is the purpose of a lymphoid nodule
to filter and attack antigens
69
what cell is located outside the germinal center
t cell
70
MALT
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
71
what is a MALT
consists of lymphoid nodules within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts
these nodules monitor and respond to antigens that may enter these tracts
72
tonsils
large clusters of lymphoid cells and matrix located mainly in the pharynx
73
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
in the posterosuperior wall of the nasopharynx
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palatine tonsils
in the posterolateral wall of the oral cavity
75
lingual tonsils
along the posterior one third of the tongue
76
what are the main lymphoid organs
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
77
what is the action of the triceps brachii long head
extends arm, adducts arm
78
what are the attachments of the triceps brachii long head
P: scapula
D: olecranon of ulna
79
what is the action of the biceps brachii long head
flexes arm
80
what are the attachments of the biceps brachii long head
P: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
D: radial tuberosity of radius
81
what is the action of the subscapularis
medially rotates arm
82
what is the action of the supraspinatus
abducts arm
83
what is the action of the infraspinatus
adducts and laterally rotates arm
84
what is the action of the teres minor
adducts and laterally rotates arm
85
what are the attachments of the biceps brachii short head
P: coracoid process of scapula
D: radial tuberosity
86
what are the actions of the biceps brachii short head
supinates forearm , flexes forearm
87
what is the action of the brachialis
primary flexor for forearm
88
what is the action of the brachioradialis
flexes forearm
89
what are the action of the tricep brachii medial head
extends forearm
90
what are the action of the tricep brachii lateral head
extends forearm
91
what are the attachment of the tricep brachii lateral head
P: humerus
D: olecranon of ulna
92
superficial anterior compartment
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
93
intermediate anterior compartment
flexor digitorum superficialis
94
deep anterior compartment
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
95
superficial posterior compartment
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorium
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
96
deep posterior compartment
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
97
what is the action of the flexor carpi radialis
flexes wrist, abducts hand
98
what is the action of the palmaris longus
weak wrist flexor
99
what is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris
flexes wrist and adducts hand
100
what is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis
flexes wrist and flexes 2nd-5th MP and PIP joints
101
what is the actions of the flexor pollicus longus
flexes MP joint of thumb, flexes IP joint of thumb, weakly flexes wrist
102
what is the action of the flexor digitorum profundus
flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints
103
what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis longus
extends wrist and abducts wrist
104
what is the action of the extensor carpi radialis brevis
extends wrist and abducts hand
105
what is the action of extensor digitorum
extends wrist, extends 2nd-5th MP, PIP, and DIP joints
106
what is the action of extensor digiti minimi
extends wrist, extends MP, and PIP joints of finger 5
107
what is the action of extensor carpi ulnaris
extends wrist and adducts hand
108
what is the action of adductor pollicis longus
abducts thumb, weakly extends wrist
109
what is the action of extensor pollicis brevis
extends MP joint of thumb, weakly extends wrist
110
what is the action of extensor pollicis longus
extends MP and IP joints of thumb , weakly extends wrist
111
what is the action of extensor indicis
extends MP, PIP, and DIP joints of finger 2
weakly extends wrist
112
what muscles are in the thenar group
flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollcis brevis and opponens pollicis
113
what muscles are apart of the hypothenar group
flexor digiti minimi , abductor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi
114
what is the action of the flexor pollicis brevis
flex thumb
115
what is the action of the abductor pollicis brevis
abducts thumb
116
what is the action of the opponens pollicis
opposition of thumb
117
what is the action of flexor digiti minimi brevis
flexes finger 5
118
what is the action of abductor digiti minimi
abducts finger 5
119
what is the action of opponenes digiti minimi
opposition of finger 5
120
what is the thymus
a bilobed organ located superficial to the heart
121
what are the lymph node clusters
axillary lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, cervical lymph nodes
122
what are lymph nodes primary function
filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response
123
what vessels deliver lymph to the node
afferent vessels
124
in the spleen, what is the white pulp associated with
arterial supply and consists of clusters of t cells and be cells
125
what is at the center of each cluster
central artery
126
in the spleen, what is the red pulp associated with
venous supply and consists of splenic cords and splenic sinusoids which contain erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages, and some plasma cells
127
what are the functions of the spleen
- initiates immune response when antigens are found in the blood
- serves as a reservoir for erythrocytes and platelets
- phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets
- phagocytizes bacteria and other foreign materials
128
acromioclavicular
acromial end of clavicle to acromion of scapula
synovial (plane) joint
assists in giving upper limb a full range of movement
129
glenohumeral joint
synovial - ball and socket
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, lateral rotation, and medial rotation of the arm
129
acromioclavicular
ligaments - joint stability
acromioclavicular
coracoclavicular
130
ligaments
not much stability provided; mostly from rotator cuff muscles
- coracoacromial
- coracohumeral
- glenohumeral
130
glenoid labrum
covers surface of glenoid cavity
131
humeroulnar
trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
synovial - hinge
flexion and extension of forearm
132
humeroradial
capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius
synovial - hinge (uniaxial)
flexion and extension of forearm
133
radiocarpal joint
distal end of radius; lunate, scaphoid and triquetrum
synovial - condylar (biaxial)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of wrist
133
ligaments in the elbow
radial collateral
ulnar collateral
annular
134
intercarpal joints
adjacent bones in proximal and distal rows of carpal bones; adjacent bones between proximal and distal rows
synovial - plane (uniaxial)
- gliding
135
carpometacarpal joints
thumb: trapezium and first metacarpal
- synovial : saddle (biaxial)
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and opposition
136
metacarpophalangeal joints
heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges
synovial: condylar (biaxial)
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction of phalanges
137
interphalangeal joints
heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges
synovial - hinge (uniaxial)
flexion and extension of phalanges
138
muscles that move the pectoral girdle
attach axial skeleton to scapula and clavicle
stabilize the scapula and move it to increase the arms angle of movements
classified as anterior or posterior thoracic muscles
139
action of the pectoralis minor
protracts and depresses scapula
140
actions of the serratus anterior
agonist of protraction, superior rotation of scapula, stabilizes scapula
141
action of the levator scapulae
elevates scapula, inferiorly rotates
142
action of the rhomboid major
elevates and rotates
142
action of the rhomboid minor
elevates, retracts, inferiorly rotates
143
action of the trapezius
superior fibers
- elevates and superiorly rotates
middle fibers
- retracts scapula
inferior fibers
- depress scapula
144
action of the latissimus dorsi
agonist of arm extension, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
145
action of the pectoralis major
agonist of arm flexion, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
146
action of the deltoid
anterior fibers
- flex and medially rotates arm
middle fibers
- agonist of arm abduction
posterior fibers
- extend and laterally rotate arm
147
action of coracobrachialis
adducts arm, flexes arm
148
action of the teres major
extends arm, adducts arm, medially rotates arm
149
