exam two Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
how do characteristics of modern and pre-modern societies compare with each other (family forms)?
A
- pre-modern: strong family ties, the nuclear household.
- now: common to live with many people, like extended family, different types of family structures, single-parent families
2
Q
how do characteristics of modern and pre-modern societies compare with each other (stratification)?
A
- society has different layers in which people are located based on their wealth, power, and prestige
- ascription, statuses you cannot change (pre-modern)
- achievement, statuses you can change (modern)
3
Q
how do characteristics of modern and pre-modern societies compare with each other (economy)?
A
pre-modern: simple authority
modern: repression
4
Q
what was auguste comte’s theory on modernization?
A
- modernity is a positivistic epoch
- based on positive knowledge
- based on facts
5
Q
what was emile durkheim’s theory on modernization?
A
- modernity of differentiation and growing complexity of society
- everyone does their own thing
- differentiation between mechanical (sameness in society) and organic society (different people in society)
- there is danger in anomie (a lack of social standards
6
Q
what was karl marx’s theory on modernization?
A
- modernity as the rise of the industrial capitalism
- dismantling of old beliefs, old order, and constant revolutionizing of society
- economic interests are above anything other than that
7
Q
what was max weber’s theory on modernization?
A
- modernity as rationalization of society
- instrumentality rationality
- cost-benefit analysis
- looked at bureaucratization (growing power of these large organizations with written rules, chains of command, recordkeeping, impersonal relations)
- talks about the iron cage and how with reality comes disenchantment
8
Q
what was the idea of progress in modernity?
A
steady improvement of human condition and social order.
9
Q
what are the critiques of the ideas of progress in modernity?
A
that it is a nonscientific idea that does not specify who the progress is for or the costs associated.
10
Q
what is social integration based on?
A
the independence of industries, rather than moral unity.
11
Q
how does science play a role in modernity?
A
- it is seen as central to culture
- scientists who replace clergy are cultural leaders
12
Q
what is lenin’s theory of imperialism?
A
- the imperialism expansion allowed the capitalism crisis
- was postponed by turning into socialism
13
Q
what is the dependency theory?
A
much of the economic poverty of africa, latin america is not due to internal difficulties but because of their dependency on rich economies like the united states.
14
Q
what was fernand braudel’s studies of international systems of economic exchange in 1400-1800?
A
- braudel was the first economist who looked at the development of capitalism as something that is global
- he said that capitalism is not confined to a singular country, but it is worldwide
15
Q
what is the structure of the world system?
A
consisted of three main elements: the core, semi-periphery, and periphery.
16
Q
what was the main criterion for the world system?
A
power (the power to influence things).
17
Q
economies of the blank fuel conflicts in the blank of the world system.
A
core, periphery.
18
Q
political and economic interests of the core blank or favor solutions of blank.
A
prevent, local conflicts.
19
Q
where are countries are no longer a relevant unit of analysis?
A
in world system theories.
20
Q
who was immanuel wallerstein?
A
- studied in africa
- claimed that in order to understand what happens in africa and why, one should look at the U.S. and other developed nations
- also said that richer countries exploit the poor in world systems theory
21
Q
what happened with north and south sudan?
A
- in the north, we saw arab and muslims and in the south, it was african american and christianity/local religions
- from 1924 to their independence in 1956, the british (assisted by egypt) ran sudan as two separate colonies, the south and the north
- in north sudan, a place called darfur saw a lot of conflict and genocide
- this war was sustained by rich oil fields in south sudan, which financed the war
- we also saw regional stability and conflicts (in ethiopia, egypt, and chad)
- there was also a division of sudan that was unacceptable for the “international community” (egypt and libya tried to prevent this)
- in 2010, 98% voted for the secession of north and south sudan (unfortunately, this did not lead to peace
in south sudan, a civil war broke out due to struggles for power and ethnic conflicts (between the nuer and dinka)) - this led to over 739,100 people being internally displaced and over 123,400 fleeing to neighboring countries
- the current war in sudan is due to regional and ethnic factors
- there was also international involvement with this war
as russia has been supporting the rebels in sudan
22
Q
what are iraq’s origins?
A
the british empire created iraq out of three formerly separate regions of the ottoman empire: baghdad, basara (in the south), and mosul (in the north).
23
Q
what are iraq’s ethnic origins?
A
the kurds and arabs.
24
Q
what are iraq’s religious origins?
A
- sunni arabs/shilte arabs (35%/60%)
- christians and other groups (3-5%, now much less)
25
what are iraq's conflicts?
- iran-iraq war in 1980-1988
- first U.S. iraq war from 1990-1991
- U.S. led intervention in 2003
- invasion of iraq faced a widespread insurgency, an active revolt or uprising
- in 2009, we see the surge and sunni support
supplied them with weapons while insurgency did not end but it quieted down
- in 2011, the U.S. pulls out of the war
- we see a strong support for ISIS due to discontent
26
why did ISIS gain power?
- due to discontent
- ISIS believed that they were not a nation state, that it should be based on shilte control
- had a conflict with sunni arabs that were disenfranchised, strong support for ISIS
27
what are libya's origins?
- greek name for part of the country since 4th century
- came out of the roman empire
- saw irab conquest and islamization
- since the 16th century, they were known as the ottoman empire
- from 1911-1942, talian colony
- in 1942, allies divide into three provinces
- in 1951, they gained independence with king idris becoming ruler
28
what are libya's ethnic origins? COME BACK TO THIS
- arab
- bendouin
- tunisian
29
what are libya's religious origins?
- king idris: represented the eastern tribes
- gaddafi: represented the western tribes
30
what are libya's conflicts?
current conflict mainly appears along tribal group and religious lines helped out with the presence of russian forces and the further rise of ISIS.
31
what was the angola war (1975-2002)?
- 500,000 dead
- more than 4 million displaced
- started as a cold-war driven conflict (MPLA vs UNITA)
- lasted past the cold war end
- financed by the diamond trade
32
what was the sierra leone war (1992-2002)?
- 50,000 killed (population 5.7 million)
- again, same story with those diamonds as they financed the conflict
- the market for diamonds was largely in rich countries
33
what was the liberia war (1980-2005)?
- 250,000 killed (population 3.5 million)
- diamond trade (main export) financed the conflict
34
what was the colombia war (1964-2017)?
- 37,000-50,000 deaths
- initially, a cold war driven conflict (FARC, ELN against the government, autodefensas paramiliatires)
- increasingly financed by the drug trade
35
what is a state?
an organization that has a monopoly on the legitimate (others in that community agree that it is acceptable) use of force in a country.
36
what is a nation?
imagined community of people who believe they share common origins, culture, and historical destiny.
37
what is an imagined community?
a large group of people who believe they share similar things in common, like culture.
38
what is a nation state?
- claim to present and protect a nation
- modern western states are nation states
39
what are stateless nations?
- a group of people who share a culture and occupy a territory but do not have their own sovereign state
- ex: the poles before independent poland and the kurds (probably the largest) in the middle east
40
what is nation building?
- process of forming an imagined community
- involves creation of commonly accepted mythology (about shared culture, historical destiny, etc.)
- typically a contested process in which conflicting mythologies compete
- involves suppression and dissent
41
what are national mythologies?
ideas about a shared culture, historical destiny, etc. that try to explain why things work they way that they do.
42
what is the postcolonial proliferation of artificial states?
- we saw a proliferation (rapid increase) of artificial states where people do not choose to live in one country
- this led to an imposed international order to prevent changing state boundaries
- unequal treatment of countries, depending on their position in the world system
- ex: iraq (1921-1926) the british empire created iraq out of three formerly separate regions of the ottoman empire: baghdad, basara (in the south), and mosul (in the north)
43
what did the world system theory and neo-marxism do?
impacted global economic structures, global class differentiation, and global class struggles.
44
what are mass communication theories?
- talks about media revolution and the emergence of a ‘global village’, a place where everyone knows everything about everyone
- idea of mass communication and global cultural domination
- the global takeover of culture
45
what is the sociology of culture?
- cultural construction of identities and communities
- just as nations are constructed, we now have tools to create global communities
- for some, these are more important than their national community
- ex: the internet and its communities, we see this because people have a lack of community in real life
‘imagined communities”, as anderson states, are from nations to transnational communities and identities
46
what is the modernization theory?
- looks at the concept of global modernity
- sees globalization as an accelerated global modernity
47
what is globalization?
- simultaneously occurring and accelerated global flows of ideas, technologies, goods, people
- the relative decline of the influence of national structures and the relative growth of the influence of transnational structures
- focuses on the economy, polity, and culture worldwide
48
how does robertson view globalization?
it is the “compression” of the world and increase in the global consciousness.
49
what factors played a role in the globalization phenomena?
- technology: the global spread and rapid movement of newest technologies (often regardless of social and political conditions)
- economy: financialization (growing autonomy and internationalization of financial capital)
the intensification of global capital and investment flows
- transnational movement of labor force, both low-skill and high-skill: brain drain (denotes the movement of high educated labor force to attractive economic countries, like doctors moving to the U.S.).
- globalization of social problems like the arms trade, drugs trade, smuggling of people, and diseases and pandemics
50
what is the difference between globalization and the world systems theory?
- globalization focuses on greater emphasis on mutual rather than one-sided dependencies
- west and non-west divisions are increasingly blurred (from this perspective, globalization means westernization of the world, but also de-westernization of the west that includes culture, the economy, and politics)
51
what is cultural globalization?
- global cultural influences and processes
- is globalization leading to one culture or many (maybe, but there is fragmentation and hybridization of local cultures)?
52
what is religious globalization?
includes things like global evangelical movements, global islamic movements, growth of religious diversity, and pressure to accept diversity.
53
what are global culture wars?
- the fight between old and new cultures
- it was an american phenomenon with the cultural division in society between conservative and secular ideas
54
how does globalization relate to separatist movements?
- some people say that globalization is dangerous, that we should pull away
- preference for countries to remain seperate
55
what are classical liberal assumptions?
- claims that capitalism and democracy are linked
- there cannot be capitalism without democracy, or democracy without capitalism
- came from the philosophical assumption that capitalism = economic freedom and democracy = political freedom (this is not based on empirical research)
56
what do cross national statistical studies show?
- s.m. lipset compared democracies, unstable democracies, and stable dictatorships and found that indicators like economic development and social development proved that stable dictatorships had higher GNP, then unstable dems, then democracies
- lipset’s conclusion was that economic and social development provide foundations of democracy because the middle class wants to have a greater influence on a country
57
who was p. cutright (1963)?
studied 77 countries and discovered a strong positive correlations between democracy and social and economic development.
58
what was the cutright and willey (1969) study?
- studied 44 countries that retained their independence for 40 years
- looked at the sequence of developments (ex: 1927-1936; 1937-1946 etc.)
59
what are the problems with statistical studies?
most statistical studies show an association between economic development and democracy but this is dangerou as correlation does not equal causation.
60
what was max weber's study?
- studied russia’s chances for democracy in the 20th century
- concluded that democracy will not be possible in russia due to its late economic development (they needed to catch up with advanced countries and governmental interventions)
- said that their late development led to bureaucratization (power of appointed, not elected, officials)
61
what was karl de schweinitz's study?
- the anglo-american was to democracy was closed to other countries who tried to develop democracy later
- the anglo-american way is characterized by slow development (a lack of state intervention), no mobilized working class (no need to suppress resistance by force), no demonstration effects (easy to impose discipline), and no technical means for dictatorship (like the police, mass media, information systems)
62
what was b. Moore's study?
- looked at factors like the strength of a state, the strength of the rich and lanyards (no rich = no democracy), the labor-repressive or commercialized agriculture, and village solidarity
- this can be directed at england as they had a weak state, strong rich, strong landlords, commercialized agriculture, and no village solidary which led to democracy
- another example is russia and china, they have a strong state, weak rich, labor-repressive agriculture, and strong village solidarity which led to revolutions that created dictatorships
63
what is globalization according to the global transformations article?
the process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in transcontinental flows of activity, interaction, and power.
64
what are the four types of change?
- stretching social, political, and economic activities to different places around the world
- intensification of interconnectedness of the globe
- speeding up of global interactions
- growing extensity, intensity, and velocity of global interactions is caused by their impact on nations
65
what is the hyperglobalist view?
- what separates the past from the present is the existence of a single global economy
- threatens the autonomy and sovereignty of nation-states
66
what is the sceptics view?
- much more cautious about the massive changes of globalization
- thinks that the effects of globalization are exaggerated
67
what is the transformationalist view?
says that globalization involves the spatial re-organization of economic, political, military, and cultural power.
68
is migration new?
no, it has ben occurring for thousands of years with the migration of early humans from africa to the new world.
69
what were the migration periods after WWII?
booming postwar economy of europe, north america, and australia needed labor so many turkish migrants arrived to work in germany, north america, france, and belgium.
70
how does international migration today compare to the past?
- we have seen a rise of international migration today due to growing global disparities in development, democracy, and demography
- today's international migration is temporary for many people
71
what is the role of women and migration?
- in 2005, nearly half of migrants were women
- most women migrate due to independent reasons
- increase of women migrants can be due to gender-selective jobs, extension to the fight of family reunion to migrants, changes in gender roles, and growth of domestic work
72
what is irregular migration?
- difficult to count as many people travel for different reasons
- seen a rise of it (via the people who are classified as illegal, undocumented, or unauthorized)
73
where do most irregular migrants go?
the United States.
74
how does international migration effect the world?
- migrants can generate more income for a company (they fill labor gaps, take the "unwanted" jobs)
- they send over $300 billion back home
- concern over brain drain, where a countries most intelligent leave for better opportunities
- some people believe that migration causes security issues (ex: 9/11), although most of these fears are not fair
75
what are failing states?
- belief that poor states were at risk of collapsing into anarchy and chaos
- they fail at functioning properly
76
how does politics complicate the diagnosis of state failure?
- in mexico, it can be argued that it is failing as areas like munipal police have been taken over by the nacro-mafia
- that being still, the government can still marshal a formidable array of forces against the traffickers
77
what are the origins of the term "failed state"?
- entered the political lexicon with the (ill-fated) american-led venture in somalia in 1992
- with cold-war patrons gone, many
poor states were at risk of collapsing into hobbesian anarchy, with dire results for their own
inhabitants and neighbouring lands
- robert kaplan, an american writer, captured and somewhat
exaggerated an important truth by describing the chaos engulfing liberia and sierra leone and
warning of the “coming anarchy” in other parts of the world
78
why can dysfunctional statehood suit the powerful?
- the last thing a kleptocrat needs is good judges, or robust ministries
that could be power bases for rival robber barons
- this allows for criminals to thrive
79
is there a problem with considering afghanistan a failed state and if so, what is the problem?
- there is a problem
- this is because their central power has always been weak due to the taliban and the drug trade
- therefore, it is not fair to call them a failing state
80
what are pro-state and anti-state forces?
- anti-state forces can often function like states in the territories they control via thriving off of welfare systems and weak justice systems
- pro-state forces are fighting either terrorist or criminal groups,
often sponsoring their own terrorist or criminal protégés with or without knowing
81
what is a good example of transnational state-spoilers (anti-state forces with global connections)?
- the drug trade
- as long as latin
american narco-lords find it easy to sell cocaine and buy guns in the united states, no
government to the south can eliminate them
- whether in latin america, in afghanistan or in the emerging narco-states of west africa, purely national attempts to deal with drugs can be
counter-productive; they just drive up prices or create new networks
82
what is the main idea of the article globalization and its contents?
it is trying to show the positives of globalization
83
how much longer do people live compared to a century ago?
- 50% longer due to sanitation, increase in calories, immunzations
- 1950 (emerging markets): 41
- 2000 (emerging markets): 64
- 2050 (emerging markets): 76
- 1950 (industrial): 65
- 2000 (industrial): 77
- 2050 (industrial): 82
84
what do the trends in literacy rates and education look like?
- literacy rates in developing countries have increased in the last 50 years
- 1950: 1/3 of people could read/write
- now: 2/3
- the world has far higher rates of educated people, especially in asia
85
what are the trends in trends in poverty rates?
- the proportion of the world’s
population living in poverty declined
- this is due to the application of mass production
technology, together with excess capital (or
“profit”) and a free market to exploit such
technology
86
what is the percentage and number of the people in the world who are poor?
- 80% in 1820 to under 15% in 2000
- the actual number of
people living in poverty over that period de-
clined, even as the world’s population ex-
ploded from something over 1 billion to
more than 6 billion (about 900-1,000 million in 1820 to 600 million in 2000)
87
what do the trends in political freedom look like?
- we see greater political freedom
- at the beginning of the twentieth
century, less than 10 percent of the world’s
population had the right to vote
- by 1950, approximately
35 percent of the global population in less
than a quarter of the world’s countries en-
joyed this right
- by 2000, more than two-thirds of the world’s countries had implemented universal suffrage
88
what role did middle class trends play in developing countries from 1960 to 2000?
- in 1960, two-thirds of the world’s middle-class
citizens lived in the industrialized world
- in 1980, over 60 percent of the global middle class
lived in developing countries
- in 2000, this number had reached a remarkable 83
percent
89
what does the middle class in china and india look like in comparison with middle class in rich countries?
- india and
china combined could easily produce middle classes of 400–800 million people over
the next two generations (roughly the size of the current middle-class populations of
the U.S., western europe, and
japan combined)
- a thriving middle class is an important
component of economic, political, and social stability that comes with globalization
-
90
has inequality increased or declined?
- decreasing
- the gap between the rich and poor is closing
91
what are the potholes on the road to globalization?
- protectionism (wanting to pull inwards to save traditional industries and
cultures, also to expel foreigners and foreign
ideas
- armed conflict (countries cannot compete economically, cultivate human capital,
or develop financial markets)
- environmental stress (increased consumption leads to environmental degradation, can hurt economic progress via greenhouse gases and pressure on natural resources)
- demographic imbalances (developing countries tend to have a younger population while industrialized countries are aging quick. younger populations often face poor, least politically/institutionally sound, making violence and instability more likely. aging populations can lead to a decreased birth rate and stress on public pensions)
92
who conducted the study in democracy in retreat?
freedom in the world.
93
what did freedom in the world discover?
- saw improvements in individual countries like malaysia, ethiopia, and ecuador, showing that democracy has endured appeal as a means of holding leaders accountable and creating conditions for a better life
- they even found that in europe and north america with democratic institutions under pressure, dynamic civil movements and inclusion continue to build on past achievements
- the promise of democracy remains powerful
94
what are the main findings on the trends in democracy?
- between 1988 and 2005, the percentage of countries ranked not free dropped by almost 14 points (from 37 to 23 percent), while the share of free countries grew (from 36 to 46 percent). this surge of progress has now begun to roll back
- between 2005 and 2018, the share of not free countries rose to 26 percent, while the share of free countries declined to 44 percent
- itt may be that momentum has worn off, many countries have struggled to accommodate the political swings and contentious debates intrinsic to democracy
- crisis of confidence in these societies has intensified, with many citizens expressing doubts that democracy still serves their interests
- of the 41 countries that were consistently ranked free from 1985 to 2005, 22 have registered net score declines in the last five years
- the crisis is linked to a changing balance of power at the global level
- these movements damage democracies internally through their dismissive attitude toward core civil and political rights, and they weaken the cause of democracy around the world with their unilateralist reflexes
