Exam Two

Question 1

Hemostasis

Answer 1

1st stage in wound healing
Immeadiate, vasospasm->relaxation
Platelets aggregate to exposed collagen and a network of fibrin forms

Question 2

Inflammation

Answer 2

24-96 hours
degradation- leukocytes clean up cell debris
Leukocytes secrete chemotactic and growth factors-> proliferation phase

Question 3

Proliferation

Answer 3

3-7 days lasting up to 3-4 wks
Regeneration of tissue (angiogenesis, epithelialization, fibrosis)
Granulation tissue forms
collagen deposition

Question 4

Maturation

Answer 4

After 3-4 wks can last years
remodeling of granulation tissue, maturation of fibrosis, wound contraction
vascular regression

Question 5

Primary intention

Answer 5

wounds with opposed edges

Question 6

Secondary intention

Answer 6

gaping, septic wounds
foreign bodies
wounds with delayed healing processes

Question 7

How do wounds healing by secondary intention heal?

Answer 7

large amounts of granulation tissue and wound contraction

Epithelial migration delayed

Question 8

How to leukocytes degrade a wound?

Answer 8

Phagocytosis and lysosomal degradation
degranulation and release of digestive enzymes
Matrix metalloproteinases (degrade ECM)

Question 9

Growth factors are needed for ________

Answer 9

proliferation

differentiation

Question 10

EGF does what?

Answer 10

binds receptors on epithelial cells-> activates MAPK-> induces G0 phase cell cycle

Question 11

What growth factors are needed for angiogenesis?

Answer 11

PDGF, FGF, VEDG-A binding to GF-R

Question 12

How to growth factors induce vascular formation?

Answer 12

endothelial proliferation
recruitment of pericytes
deposition of ECM proteins

Question 13

fibroplasia

Answer 13

migration and proliferation of fibroblasts

Question 14

fibrosis

Answer 14

scar formation by connective tissue remodeling

Question 15

Factors that favor fibrosis

Answer 15

severe and prolonged tissue injury
Loss of basement membranes
large amounts of exudate/inflammation
lack of renewable cell populations

Question 16

TGF-B is important for

Answer 16

firbroblast migration and proliferation and collagen/ECM protein synthesis

Question 17

TGF-B is produced by

Answer 17

platelets and leukocytes

Question 18

Synthesis of ECM

Answer 18

cytokines increase collagen synthesis
growth factors induce fibroblasts to make collagen
TIMPs decrease matrix metalloproteinase activity

Question 19

Consequences of fibrosis

Answer 19

loss of functional parenchymal tissue

alteration of physical properties of tissue

Question 20

Granulation tissue

Answer 20

distinctive arangement of connective tissue fibers, fibroblasts, and blood vessels

Question 21

What is proud flesh?

Answer 21

hypertophic scar

exuberant granulation tissue

Question 22

What is wound contraction mediated by

Answer 22

fibroblasts

Question 23

What are some conditions with impaired wound healing?

Answer 23

Tension of tissue
prolonged inflammation
disorders in collagen synthesis
poor blood supply
impaired ability of cell regeneration

Question 24

Acute Cell Swelling

Answer 24

increase in cell size and volume due to H2O overload

Most common cell injury.

Question 25

Etiology of acute cell swelling

Answer 25

failure of energy production cell membrane damage Injury to enzymes regulating ion channels of membranes

Question 26

Pathogenesis of acute cell swelling

Answer 26

Injury resulting in hypoxia causing sodium and water to move into cell and K to leak out. Osmotic pressure increase and more water moves into the cell. ER distends, ruptures and forms vacuolation.

Question 27

What are the ultrastructural changes of cellular swelling

Answer 27

Plasma membrane- blebbling, loss of microvill Mitochondial swelling ER Swelling Clumping of nuclear chromatin

Question 28

What color does trichome stain collagen? Cytoplasm?

Answer 28

Blue, Red

Question 29

2 consequences of fibrosis:

Answer 29

1. loss of functional parenchymal tissue | 2. alteration of physical properties of tissue

Question 30

6 steps of successful necropsy

Answer 30

``` 1 get history 2 external exam 3 open body 4 remove organs 5 examine then sample organs 6 write the report ```

Question 31

Necropsies are performed with what BSL?

Answer 31

2 (sometimes 2+)

Question 32

How should a brain be sliced to best preserve it?

Answer 32

Like a bread-loaf, leaving bottom unsliced to keep parts together

Question 33

How do you store skin?

Answer 33

Plastic snap-top vial w/ phosphate buffered saline. 1/4-1/2"

Question 34

How do you store fat?

Answer 34

Labeled zipper lock bag, 2"x3"

Question 35

How do you store liver?

Answer 35

Labeled zipper lock bag, 1"x2"

Question 36

How do you store kidney?

Answer 36

Labeled zipper lock bag, 1"x2". Usually triangular shaped piece

Question 37

How do you store eyeball?

Answer 37

intact, in labeled zipper lock bag

Question 38

How do you store colon contents?

Answer 38

2 tsp of colon content, in labeled fecal cup

Question 39

How do you store stomach contents?

Answer 39

2 tsp of it in labeled zipper lock bag. If possible freeze asap

Question 40

8 features of a description

Answer 40

#, size, location, distribution, shape, color, consistency, margins

Question 41

Features of a MDx

Answer 41

Organ, pathological process, distribution, chronicity, severity

Question 42

Features of an EtDx

Answer 42

Cause, organ, path process