Exam type memorizing the whole year

Question 1

Research steps

Answer 1

1-Find a research idea
2- Form a hypothesis
3-Determine How you will define and measure your variables
4-Identify the participants for the study, decide how they will be selected, plan for their ethical treatment
5-Select a research strategy
6-Select a research design
7-Conduct the study
8-Evaluate the data
9- Report the results
10-Refine or Reformulate your research idea

Question 2

Methods of acquiring knowledge

Answer 2

method of tenacity
method of intuititon
method of authority
rational method
method of empirical

Question 3

research article parts

Answer 3

introduction
method
results
discussion
references

Question 4

validity

Answer 4

face validity
concurrent validity
predictive validity
construct validity
convergent validity
divergent validity

Question 5

reliability

Answer 5

test retest reliability
inter rater reliability
split half reliability

Question 6

subject role behaviors

Answer 6

good subject role
negativistic subject role
apprehensive subject role
faithful subject role

Question 7

ethics APA

Answer 7

1- no harm
2- privacy and confidentiality
3- institutional approval
4- competence
5- record keeping
6-informed constent to research
7-dispensing with informed constent
8-offering inducements for research participation
9- deception in research
10- debriefing

Question 8

probability Sampling methods

Answer 8

1-simple random sampling
2- systematic sampling
3-stratified random sampling
4-proportionate stratified random sampling
5-cluster sampling
6-combined strategy sampling

Question 9

nonprobability sampling

Answer 9

1-convenience sampling
2-quota sampling

Question 10

research strategies

Answer 10

descriptive
correlational
experimental
quasi experimental
non experimental

Question 11

threats to external validity generalizing across participants

Answer 11

selection bias
college students
volunteer bias
participant characteristics
cross species generalizations

Question 12

threats to external validity generalizing across features of a study

Answer 12

novelty effect
multiple treatment interference
experimenter characteristics

Question 13

threats to external validity generalizing across features of the measures

Answer 13

sensitization
generality across response measures
time of measurement

Question 14

threaths to internal validity (confounding variable)

Answer 14

environmental variables
individual differences
time related variables
differential attrition
communication btw groups

Question 15

controlling extraneous variables

Answer 15

holding a variable constant
matching values
randomization

Question 16

advantages and disadvantages of btw subject design

Answer 16

disadvantage:
individual differences (high variance)
large number of participants needed
advantages
there is no time related effect

Question 17

communication btw groups

Answer 17

diffusion
compensatory equalization
compensatory rivalry
resentful demoralization

Question 18

threats to internal validity of within subjects experiments

Answer 18

confounding from environmental variables
confounding from time related variables

Question 19

confounding from time related variables

Answer 19

history
maturation
instrumentation
regression to the mean
order effects (fatigue,practice,carry over effects)

Question 20

dealing with time related threats and order effects

Answer 20

controlling time
switch to a btw subject desing
counterbalancing

Question 21

limitations of counterbalancing

Answer 21

counterbalancing and variance
asymmetrical order effects
counterbalancing and the number of treatments

Question 22

advantages and disadvantages of within subject design

Answer 22

requires less participants
no individual differences

time related factors
participant attrition

Question 23

non experimental and quasi experimental types

Answer 23

btw subjects design:
-differential resdearch
-posttest only non equivalent control group
-pretest posttest non equivalent control group
cross sectional developmental

within subjects
-pretest posttest
-time series
-longitudinal developmental

Question 24

strengths and weaknesses of longitudinal research and cross sectional research

Answer 24

strenghts of longitudinal
no cohort or generation effect
asseses individual behavior changes

weaknesses of longitudinal
time consuming
participant attrition
practice effects

strenghts of cross sectional research
time efficient
no longterm cooperation required

weaknesses of cross sectional
individual changes not assessed
cohort or generation effect

Question 25

mixed design and combined strategy

Answer 25

mixed design: combining btw and within subject into 1 study: factorial study combined strategy: nonexperimental experimental and quasiexperimental as factors if pretest posttest control group design has random assignment within the start of it, it becomes experimental factor

Question 26

applications of factorial designs

Answer 26

-expanding and replicating a previous study -reducing variance in btw subjects design -evaluating order effects in within subjects design (couterbalancing as factor)

Question 27

-evaluating order effects in within subjects design

Answer 27

it has three conclusion 1- no order effects (no interaction) 2- symetrical order effects (interaction with same forces) 3- assymentrical order effects (interaction with different forces)

Question 28

linear vs monotonic

Answer 28

pearson vs spearman

Question 29

evaluating relationships for nonnumerical scores for nominal scales

Answer 29

1. if one of the scores is numerical one of them is non numerical changing nominal values as 0 to 1 2. both are non numerical using matrix and look frequency

Question 30

strenght of the correlation

Answer 30

coefficient of determination statistical significance

Question 31

applications of correlational strategy

Answer 31

prediction defining reliability and validity evaluating theories

Question 32

advantages and disadvantages of correlation

Answer 32

high external validity third variable problem directionality problem does not tell us cause and effect

Question 33

2 major problems with behavioral observation

Answer 33

1-presence of observer (habituation or concealing the observer) 2-subjective interpretation (inter rater reliability)

Question 34

quantifying observations

Answer 34

1-frequency method 2-duration method 3-interval method

Question 35

sampling observations

Answer 35

1- time sampling 2- event sampling 3-individual sampling

Question 36

types of observation

Answer 36

1-naturalistic observation 2-participant observation 3-contrived observation

Question 37

types of survey questions

Answer 37

open ended restricted rating scale

Question 38

applications of the case study design

Answer 38

rare phenomena and unusual clinical cases new therapy methods or applications

Question 39

strenghts and weaknesses of case study design

Answer 39

strenghts: -not averaged over a diverse group -detailed description -vivid powerful, convincing -compatible with clinical work -can study rare and unusual events -can identify expectations to the rule weaknesses: -limited generalization -potential for selective bias -potential for subjective interpretation

Question 40

critical elements of a single case experimental design

Answer 40

1- manipulation 2- control for control 1 baseline 2 repeated observations 3 replication

Question 41

visual inspection techniques

Answer 41

change in average level immediate change level change in trend latency of change

Question 42

differences btw single case and traditional group design

Answer 42

1- only one participant 2-more flexible 3-continuous assessment