Exam1 Flashcards

Question

Ribosomes

Answer 1

Protein Synthesis

Answer 2

Lipid degradation breakdown

Answer 3

* Expressed by most tissues * Not induced by insulin * Lower Km (high glucose affinity) * Lower Vmax (low glucose capacity) * Inhibited by glucose 6-phosphate

Answer 4

* Present on liver, small intestines and pancreatic β cells * Induced by insulin * Higher Km (low glucose affinity) * Higher Vmax (high glucose capacity) * Inhibited by Glucokinase regulatory protein via fructose 6-phosphate

Answer 5

inability to utilize free or glycogen derived glucose as a fuel source with the accumulation of glycogen. * (Myophosphorylase deficiency) – muscle cramps, exercise intolerance, rhabdomyolysis, , hemolytic anemia (not present in McArdle’s) and hyperuricemia – floppy babies. *A forearm ischemic exercise test shows a flat lactate curve and a normal increase in ammonia. *Management : a high fat, high protein, low carbohydrate diet and rest (avoiding strenuous activity)

Answer 6

*Most common glycolytic enzymopathy. Commonly autosomal recessive disorder that causes both acute and chronic hemolysis *Increased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate(BPG or DPG) and lower than normal O2 affinity of Hb *Reduced ATP production in RBCs due to its deficiency causes them to become abnormally shaped and easily destroyed in the spleen. They form echinocytes – “Burr cells” that look like a hedgehog with evenly spaced thorny spikes on the surface. *Also loss Na+/K+ pump activity causes cell swelling, membrane rigidity, osmotic fragility and lysis *This condition is characterized by an absence of Heinz bodies (inclusion bodies) *May require partial splenectomy to reduce the incidence of hemolysis

Answer 7

Phosphofructokinase (-25 KJ/ mol) * Glucokinase (-27 KJ/mol) * Pyruvate kinase (-14 KJ/mol) * All have DG too large and negative to simply reverse

Answer 8

Glucose + ATP -> G6P + ADP G6P + ADP -> Glucose + ATP

Answer 9

The vast amount of energy required to drive gluconeogenic reactions is derived from fatty acid oxidation – therefore impaired fatty acid oxidation is often characterized by failure of gluconeogenesis leading to hypoglycemia. * From pyruvate, 3 moles of ATP are consumed by the; –Pyruvate carboxylase reaction –PEPCK reaction –PGK reaction And since 2 pyruvates are used to produce 1 mole of glucose, a total of 6 moles of ATP is used. * From glycerol, 1 mole of ATP is used by glycerol kinase and since 2 moles of glycerol yield 1 mole of glucose, the total ATP involved is 2 * Glycerol is more energy efficient!

Answer 10

Oxidized- FAD Reduced- FADH2 Sources= milk and dairy Co-Factor = Succinate dehydrogenase

Answer 11

Useful for NAD+, NADH, - anti-hyperlipidemic agent, providing ADP-ribosylation of proteins for gene regulation, apoptosis and signaling Hartnup disease carcinoid syndrome *Deficiency – Pellagra

Answer 12

H2O soluble vitamin essential life

Answer 13

carbon on thiamine ring aldehyde transfer alcoholism uncooked silkworm/fish = deficiency

Answer 14

provide a reactive disulfide or sulfhydryly group that can participate in redox reactions

Answer 15

1. Decarboxylation 2. Transfer of the acetyl group to lipoamide 3. Formation of acetyl-CoA 4. Redox reaction to form FADH2 5. Redox reaction to form NADH

Exam1 Flashcards

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