Exam1 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is epidemiology?
Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease, morbidly, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. Epidemiologic studies are applied to the control of health problems in populations.
Difference between public health and clinical medicine
Public health-focuses on community, over generations, thinks about human rights.
Clinical medicine -focuses on individual, single lifetime, patient rights.
How is public health defined?
The health of the population as a whole, especially as monitored, regulated and promoted by the state.
Morbidly vs mortality
Morbidly is the occurrence of an illness or illness in a population.
Mortality is the occurrence of death in a population.
How are health outcomes measured
- infectious disease
- Chronic disease
- Disability, injury,limitation of activity
- Mortality
- Active life expectancy
- Health related events
How can graphs be used to describe epidemiological studies or surveys?
To present data
Importance of quantification in epidemiology.
Central activity to epidemiology
- counting number of cases
- distribution are examined according to demographic variables(sex,age,race)
Four trends in disorders
Disappearing-once common, no longer present in epidemic form (smallpox)
Residual- methods of control not implemented effectively (STI)
Persisting- disease with no method of prevention or known cure (Cancer)
New- increasing in frequency (Type 2 diabetes)
What is demographic transition?
Shift from high birth and death rates found in agrarian societies to lower birth and death rates in developed countries.
What is epidemiological transition?
Shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality from infectious and communicable diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases.
What is population pyramid
Graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population which shapes a pyramid when population grows.
Leading causes of death in U.S.
- heart disease
- Cancer
- chronic lower respiratory disease
- accidents
- stroke
- Alzheimer’s
- diabetes
- influenza and Pneumonia
- nephritis
- intentional self-harm
Variables related to community infrastructure
- Availability of social and health services.
- quality of housing stock.
-social stability(residential mobility)
Community policing
Employment opportunities
Health-related outcome variables
- homicide and suicide rates
- infant mortality rates
- selected mortality rates
- drug and alcohol abuse rates
- teen pregnancy rates
- birth rate
Health people 2020 goals
- To achieve health equity, eliminate disparities and improve health of all groups.
- to eliminate health disparities among segments of the population including differences that occur by gender, race, or ethnicity
Epidemiology and disease etiology
Applications include
- individual risk
- search for cause
- specific clinical concerns
Risk factors
Exposure that is associated with disease
Ex: smoking, alcohol consumption
Three criteria for risk factors
- frequency of the disease varies by category or value of the factor
- precedes the onset of the disease
- observation not do to error
Natural History of Disease
Perpathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Clinical end points
Clinical endpoints
- recovery
- disability
- death
Primary prevention
Occurrence during preparhogenesis phase
-includes health promotion and specific protection against disease
Primordial prevention
Concerned with minimizing health hazards in general
-improvement of economic, social, behavioral conditions.
Secondary prevention
Occurs during pathogenesis phase
-designed to reduce the progress of disease (screening)
Tertiary prevention
Designed to limit disability from disease
-directed at restoring optimal functioning (rehabilitation)
