Exam2

Question 1

what is the three box model?

Answer 1

input (PNS)–>analysis/integration (CNS)–>output (PNS)

Question 2

input

Answer 2

sensory afferent
“to carry forward”
PNS

Question 3

analysis/integration

Answer 3

brain
spinal cord
CNS

Question 4

output

Answer 4

motor efferent
“to carry away”
PNS

Question 5

transduction

Answer 5

the conversion of 1 energy form to another

Question 6

what are the three types of energy?

Answer 6

electromagnetic radiation–>(light–>vision)
mechanical(movement–>touch,hearing)
chemical (molecule –>taste, smell)

Question 7

neuron

Answer 7

the functional unit of the nervous system

Question 8

functional organization of a neuron

Answer 8

input-->dendrites 
     ligand gated channels 
     stretch activated 
conductile-->axon 
     v-gated Na+ and K+ channels 
output-->v-gated Ca2+ channels

Question 9

law of dynamic polarization

Answer 9

the information in the form of action potential will flow in one direction
cell body——->

Question 10

axoplasmic transport

Answer 10

fast and slow

Question 11

fast axoplasmic transport

Answer 11

get on an airplane and go directly somewhere 
vesicular proteins (neurotransmitters), kinesin, microtubules

Question 12

slow axoplasmic transport

Answer 12

“move now and again”–>hitchhiker analogy

cytoplasmic (cytoskeleton), kinesin, microtubules, katanan

Question 13

Glial cells in the CNS

Answer 13

astorcytes

oligondendrocytes

Question 14

astrocytes

Answer 14

pick up ions and neurotransmitter
maintain the extracellular environment condosive to neuron
regulates the extracellular K+ concentration
regulates the neurotransmitter concentration at synapses
the output region releases a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
basically bind neurotransmitters at the input site and vacuum them together

Question 15

oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

-will myelinate many neurons
-insulating fat layer made out of cell membrane of the oligondendrocytes
-sends out a process that allows it to stick to the plasma membrane of the axon but it doesn’t stop, it then continues to send an extension around the cell
-the leading edge insinuated itself under the first layer then breaks the bonds between the two membranes
and then it will go around and around in circles and after a while it will go back around to the oligondendrocytes
-used to send out process to generate an insulating layer
-schwann cells do pretty much the same thing

Question 16

multiple sclerosis

Answer 16

• reduced mylination disease of the glia cells

- disease of the oligodendrocytes

Question 17

electrical movement through a membrane

Answer 17

chemical

electrical

Question 18

chemical

Answer 18

ions –> ion goes down the concentration gradient /diffusion

Question 19

electrical

Answer 19

negative charged impermeable things

“brake”

Question 20

the membrane potential seeks…

Answer 20

the equilibrium potential for the ion that is most dominance (most permeable)

Question 21

where are the K+ leak channels located

Answer 21

on the cell body (important for membrane resistance)

Question 22

where are the stretch activated channels located

Answer 22

idkkk

Question 23

where are the ligand gated channels located

Answer 23

on the dendrites

Question 24

where are the v-gated Na+ channels located

Answer 24

in the nodes

Question 25

where are the v-gated K+ channels located

Answer 25

in the nodal region

Question 26

what are the 4 steps of the action potential

Answer 26

resting depolarization repolarization hyperpolarization

Question 27

at resting potential v-gated channels are...

Answer 27

all channels are closed

Question 28

depolarization v-gated channels are...

Answer 28

Na+ channels are open

Question 29

repolarization v-gated channels are...

Answer 29

Na+ channels inactivate -->ball and chain K+ channels are open

Question 30

hyperpolarization v-gated channels are...

Answer 30

some K+ channels are open | Na+ channel resets

Question 31

during resting ion permeability

Answer 31

K+ (due to the K+ leak)

Question 32

depolarization ion permeability

Answer 32

Na+ flows into the cell

Question 33

repolarization ion permeability

Answer 33

K+ flows out of the cell (down the concentration gradient)

Question 34

hyperpolarization ion permeability

Answer 34

K+

Question 35

resting action potential curve

Answer 35

flat | -70mv (around the Ek)

Question 36

depolarization curve

Answer 36

sharp upward curve (approaching Ena=40)

Question 37

repolarization curve

Answer 37

downward curve (approaching the Ek=-80)

Question 38

hyperpolarization curve

Answer 38

below the resting potential (-70) to the -80mv=Ek

Question 39

what is released from a lower motor neuron and binds to ligand gated channels found concentrated at the neuromuscular junction on the sarcolemma membrane

Answer 39

Acetylcholine Ach

Question 40

an EPSP is generated in the muscle fiber and if threshold is met BLANK channels open which are located along BLANK

Answer 40

V-gated Na+ | sarcolema

Question 41

an action potential is generated in the muscle cell causing the BLANK plug to be removed from the BLANK located on the BLANK

Answer 41

DHP plug RYR sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 42

calcium is released into the sarcoplasm and binds to BLANK which causes BLANK to uncover myosin binding sites on actin filaments

Answer 42

trophonin C | tropomyosin

Question 43

Actin and myosin bind when ATP is BLANK

Answer 43

hydrolyzed (cleaved)

Question 44

The BLANK occurs when ADP + Pi leave

Answer 44

power stroke

Question 45

For the muscle to relax, myosin and actin need to disassociate by BLANK binding to myosin In addition BLANK needs to be pumped back into the BLANK

Answer 45

ATP Ca2+ sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 46

what is the nervous system composed of

Answer 46

individual units called neurons directionality of information flow law of dynamic polarization

Question 47

the neuron doctrine

Answer 47

the neuron as the fundamental structural unit of the nervous system

Question 48

what did santiago say?

Answer 48

the nervous system was composed of individual units called neurons directionality of information flow law of dynamic polarization

Question 49

where is protein synthesis confined to?

Answer 49

the neuronal cell body

Question 50

what kind of channels are in the input region

Answer 50

ligand gated channels | the response is proportional to the number of channels that open

Question 51

what kind of channels are in the conductile region

Answer 51

voltage gated channels (all or nothing) Na+ K+ ***action potential propogated along conductile region ***carried electrical information for long distances

Question 52

neurons

Answer 52

assymmetric cells

Question 53

axoplasmic transport

Answer 53

fast 200-400 m a day vesillos and microtubules slow -0.1-2mm a day intermitten movement

Question 54

what is a ganglian

Answer 54

a collection of nerve cell bodies that exists outside the central nervous system

Question 55

threshold

Answer 55

the point where Na+ influx is balanced by K+ efflux | point where Na+ permeability is balanced by K+ permeability

Question 56

membrane potential

Answer 56

seeks the equilibrium potential of the ion whose permeability is dominant

Question 57

Ena

Answer 57

40mv

Question 58

Ek

Answer 58

70-80mv

Question 59

glial cells

Answer 59

act as glue--> cells holding the nervous system together in the CNS glia are essential for regulating the environment in which neurons function astrocytes oligondendrocytes

Question 60

mylination

Answer 60

they wrap conductile regions of neurons with concentric rings (layers) of plasma membrane that we call myelin (laid down in layers)

Question 61

nerust potential

Answer 61

the equilibrium potential for potassium

Question 62

sulcatory conduction

Answer 62

to hop

Question 63

synapse

Answer 63

to clasp or to hold