exam2:heart Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
Erythropoietin is synthesized by cells in the: A)red bone marrow. B)yellow bone marrow. C)erythrocytes. D)spleen. E)kidneys.
A
E)kidneys.
2
Q
T or F.
from the figure in your text, Endothelial cells display selectin proteins and Neutrophils display integrin proteins to aid in the movement though the blood vessel and into the interstitial fluid for emigration.
A
true
3
Q
In a heart that has lost effective contractile force, you would expect to see normal superior and inferior vena cava.
True
False
A
false
4
Q
The myocardium is made of: A)smooth muscle. B)cardiac muscle. C)skeletal muscle. D)endothelium. E)dense connective tissue.
A
cardiac muscle
5
Q
Stimulation of the heart by the vagus nerve causes:
A)increased heart rate and increased ventricular contractility.
B)decreased heart rate and decreased ventricular contractility.
C)increased heart rate and no change in ventricular contractility.
D)decreased heart rate and no change in ventricular contractility.
E)decreased heart rate and increased ventricular contractility.
A
???
6
Q
T or F
The absence of life is the absence of a pulse, which is the absence of electrical activity regulated by the cardiovascular center in the Medulla to regulate the SA node of the right atria.
A
t
7
Q
T or F Plasma proteins (albumin, anti-bodies) are responsible for exerting colloid osmotic pressure to help maintain water balance between blood and tissues to regulate blood volume.
A
t
8
Q
Cardiac muscle cells have less sarcoplasmic reticulum than skeletal muscle cells. The effect of this is that cardiac muscle cells:
A)do not depolarize as quickly.
B)can function as a single unit.
C)generate less ATP.
D)have a smaller intracellular reserve of calcium ions.
E)are autorhythmic cells.
A
D
9
Q
Inflamed tissues attract phagocytes by a phenomenon called:
A
all
10
Q
T or F
The composition of blood is broken into three parts: 25%plasma,20%Buffy-coat, 55%RBC.
A
False
composed of 55% plasma and 45% RBC
11
Q
The most abundant of the plasma proteins are the:
A
Albumins
12
Q
a breakdown product of heme in the liver and gastrointestinal track is/are: A)biliverdin B)bilirubin C)urobilin D)stercobilin E)all of the above
A
E)all of the above
biliverdin & bilirubin: break down of heme
urobilin: heme circulates to live, travels to small intestine which coverts to urobiliogen = urobilin
stercobilin: end product of heme catabolism results in feces
13
Q
which of the following list the elements of the hearts conduction system in the correct order?
A
SAnode, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers
14
Q
Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?
A
T wave
15
Q
Which of the following antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?
A
ANTI A + ANTI B
16
Q
Thrombopoietin or TPO is a hormone produced to stimulate the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.
A
TRUE
17
Q
An increase in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood leads to a change in the chemical composition of the blood. This input would be received by which part of the brain that regulates heart rate?
A
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
18
Q
Which of the following blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms?
A
EOSINOPHIL
19
Q
Which of the following chambers of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?
A
R atrium + R ventricle
20
Q
The second heart sound (dubb closely follows which of the events listed below?
A
SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSING
21
Q
Abnormal conditions such as atherosclerosis and patent (opeductus arteriosus) cause a large increase in the
A
PULSE PRESSURE
22
Q
Which of the following types of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?
A
CARDIAC MUSCLES
23
Q
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of
A
PROTHROMBINASE
24
Q
Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?
A
Mom is Rh- and fetus is Rh+
25
The action potential in a ventricular contraction has a depolarization due to Ca2+ inflow when voltage-gated fast Ca2+ channels open, a plateau due to Na+ inflow when voltage gated slow Na+ channel open and some K+ channels close, Repolarization due to K+ outflow when voltage gated K+ channels open
True
26
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the
Cardiac Output
27
Direct pressure from the outside of the neck onto the carotid sinuses should stimulate the carotid sinus reflex and slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.
True
28
The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary blood vessels) per minute is called
Cardiac output
29
Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?
Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route
30
Plasma proteins (albumin, antibodies and others) are responsible for exerting colloid osmotic pressure to help maintain water balance between blood and tissues to regulate blood volume.
True
31
A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from
Umbilical cord of a done shortly after birth
32
Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?
AB Negative
33
Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly
into Ventricles
34
Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?
Coronary Artery
35
Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?
Vascular spasm → platelet plug → formation → clotting
36
Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?
increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility
37
During which of the following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?
Ventricular systole
38
The formula for calculating cardiac output
HR x SV
39
Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?
Vagus nerve
40
Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to the platelets?
megakaryoblast
41
Massaging the neck over the carotid sinus might lead to a reduction in blood pressure due to nerve impulses traveling through the glossopharyngeal (nerves arriving at the medulla oblongata.)
True
42
The outermost pericardium, also called the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, is the thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall
Epicardium ???
43
Which of the following blood cells are the main soldiers in the specific immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?
lymphocyte
44
A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B or folic acid causes production of large abnormal (mega) red blood cells is called
Anemia
45
Prior to physical activity, the heart rate may climb. This anticipatory increase is caused by nerve impulses traveling to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata that originate in the
Limbic system
46
The cardiovascular center is located
Medulla Oblongata
47
Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?
SA Node
48
The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
49
Which of the following is the most important functional method of capillary exchange?
Diffusion
50
Which of the following types of tissues contains continuous capillaries?
All the above (skeltal, muscle, smooth, Ct, lungs)
51
Cardiac output is dependent on both
HR + SV
52
Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?
Heparin
53
Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provides a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?
Cardiac conduction system
54
Which of the following formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?
Erythrocytes
55
Which of the following chemical substances is NOT commonly released by mast cells?
Nitric oxide
56
Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because
their hearts operate more efficiently due to training
57
Which of the following opposes the action of thromboxane A by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?
Prostacyclin
58
Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?
Parasympathetic stimulation (
59
Contraction of the right ventricle of the heart leads to blood moving directly
Into arteries
60
Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium?
L ventricle
61
The innermost epicardium is a thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue that provides a rough lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart.
F
The innermost layer of epicardium is called Endocardium. It overlies muscular layer of heart called myocardium. It is endothelial layer but NOT rough. It is smooth and covers chamber and valves of the heart to facilitate easy flow of blood through the heart. Therefore, the given statement is false.
62
The pressure-driven (BHP) movement of fluids and solutes from blood toward interstitial fluid is called
filtration
63
Which of the following blood cells releases granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?
Basophil
64
The composition of blood is broken into three parts: 25% plasma, 20% buffy-coat and 55% Red blood cells.
False
65
Nutrients from digested food enter the liver via the
Nutrient-rich blood flows into the liver from the intestines through the hepatic portal vein.
66
In addition to cardiac muscle tissue, the heart wall also contains dense connective tissue that form the fibrous skeleton of the heart which acts as an electrical insulator.
T
67
Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?
Systole
68
Serum is
Plasma w/o the clotting factors
69
Nerve impulses form the somatic nervous system and blood-borne hormones modify the timing and strength of each heartbeat, but they do not establish the fundamental rhythm.
F
nerve impulses from ANS and blood borne hormones modify the timing and strength of each heartbeat but they do not establish the fundamental rhythm - fires 90-100 times per minute
70
The branches from the ascending aorta that supply blood to the cardiac muscle are the
Coronary arteries
71
Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a
Reticulocyte
72
The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called
emigration
73
The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called
ollateral circulation
74
Which of the following blood components is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?
platelet
75
Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?
THROMBOPOIETIN
76
The presence of increased levels of testosterone is responsible for the increased number of red blood cells; this mechanism is in addition to hypoxia induced RBC formation.
True
77
Which of the following would NOT occur in response to hypovolemic shock?
Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
78
Vascular resistance depends on which of these factors? Select all that apply.
a) size of the blood vessel lumen
b) blood viscosity
c) total blood vessel length
79
Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?
Pulm valve - semilunar
80
The circulatory system aids in the homeostasis of the skeletal system by
delivering calcium
b) delivering phosphate
c) transporting hormones for bone metabolism
d) transporting hormones for production of red blood cells
e) all of the above
(Answr is E)
81
Positive inotropic agents often promote inflow to the cytosol of which cation to increase contractility of the heart?
calcium
82
Which of the following formed elements in blood is removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?
Thrombocytes
83
Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?
Increased arteriolar vasodilation
84
Which of the following cells is NOT an agranular leukocyte?
Basophil, maybe others
85
Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
86
Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to neutrophils?
Myeloblast
87
Which of the following structures is used to control the flow of blood through a capillary bed?
precapillary sphincters
88
Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by
Gap junction
89
Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the cardiovascular system to other body systems?
Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.
90
Parasympathetic impulses reach the heart via the cardiac accelerator nerve to increase heart rate and contractility.
False
91
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?
Parasympathetic Stimulation Slows the Heart Rate by Decreasing the Slope of the Pacemaker Potential. Parasympathetic nerves to the heart originate from the vagal motor nuclei in the brainstem and travel over the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) to the heart.
92
The right common carotid artery branches directly off the
brachiocephalic trunk
93
mechanism that regulates the production of Blood
erythropoiesis) takes place in the bone marrow under the control of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO).
94
Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure?
ANP atrial natriuretic peptide
95
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions.
T
96
Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cycle in which
all heart valves are closed.
| the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change
97
The large intestine is the site where bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogen
F
| within the ileum and colon,
98
What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?
Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium
99
Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG waves) represents atrial depolarization?
P wave associated with right and left atrial depolarization.
100
Reduced vitamin B absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in a pernicious condition called
Pernicious anemia is defined as a type of vitamin B12 deficiency that results from impaired uptake of vitamin B-12 due to the lack of a substance known as intrinsic factor (IF) produced by the stomach lining.
101
Which of the following blood cells is the obvious phagocyte?
neutrophilic leukocytes (microphages) and monocytes (macrophages), are phagocytic
102
The buffy coat of centrifuged (separated by force similar to gravity) blood consists mainly of
white blood cells and platelets
103
Production of enzymes such as histaminase that limit the effects inflammation is an important function of this cell type
??
104
Inflamed tissues attract phagocytes by a phenomenon called
??
105
With each heartbeat, the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits â the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. This circuitry allows the output of one system to become the input of the other system.
F??
106
the myocardial infarction was generated by the decrease in the oxygenated blood from the coronary circulatory system.
T??
107
Renin is released from the kidney to correct blood volume level decrease or blood flow and therefore, pressure reduction to the kidney. This is part of the RAA pathway and is what was lost in the example from How We Die, as the normally continuous vasculature was interrupted.
T???
108
The hypothalamus (NS cells) produces Atrial naturiuetic peptide (ANP) to respond to dehydration or decreased blood volume by increasing vasoconstriction
F
109
What blood type is a person if their plasma contains ONLY anti-A antibodies?
Blood type B
110
```
Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?
Increased norepinephrine release
Increased thyroid hormone release
Increased potassium levels in plasma
Increased calcium levels in plasma
Increased sympathetic stimulation
```
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