Exam3

Question 1

What are the roles of epidemiologists

Answer 1

1. provide quantitive evidence of justifying needed policies
2. demonstrate the effectiveness of policies once they have been adopted
3. Take an objective stance with respect to data collection

Question 2

What is health policy

Answer 2

Policy that pertains to health arena, for example, in provision of health care services, dentistry , medicine or public health

Policy =/ law

Question 3

What is health policy and law development

Answer 3

Licensing
Setting Standards
Controlling risk
monitoring

Question 4

What is the policy cycle

Answer 4

1. Problem definition/formulation/reformulation
   - Denote the
   process of
   defining the
   problem for
   which policy
   actors believe
   that policies
   are necessary
2. agenda setting
   -Setting
   priorities,
   deciding at
   what time to
   deal with a
   public health
   problem or
   issue, and
   determining
   who will deal
   with the
   problem
3. policy establishment
   -Formal
   adoption of
   policies,
   programs,
   and
   procedures
   that are
   designed to
   protect
   society from
   public health
   hazards
4. policy implementation
   - Phase of
   policy cycle
   that
   “…focuses on
   achieving the
   objectives set
   forth in the
   policy
   decision”
5. policy assessment

-Final stage in
policy cycle;
refers to
determination
of whether the
policy has met
defined
objectives and
related goals

Question 5

Who is involved in health policy

Answer 5

1. Policy Actors
   * Individuals who
   are involved in
   policy
   formulation
   * Include
   members of
   legislature,
   citizens,
   lobbyists, and
   representatives
   of advocacy
   groups
2. Stakeholders
   - Individuals,
   organizations,
   and members of
   government who
   are affected by
   policy decisions
3. Interest Group
   * “Non-profit and
   usually voluntary
   organization
   whose members
   have a common
   cause for which
   they seek to
   influence public
   policy, without
   seeking political
   control

Question 6

What is the cycle of evidence based policy?

Answer 6

1. Policy assessment and
   evaluation are a function of
   the quality of evidence that is
   available to policy makers.
2. Evidence based public health
   -Adoption of policies, laws, and
   programs that are supported by
   empirical data.
3. Cost-effectiveness analysis
   - Economic analysis that computes a
   ratio by dividing the costs of an
   intervention by the outcomes
   expressed as units.

Question 7

What is decision analysis?

Answer 7

Development of a set of possible
choices and stating the likely
outcomes linked with those choices,
each of which may have associated
risks and benefits.

Question 8

What is a risk and what are the four steps of risk assessment?

Answer 8

Risk: – Likelihood of
experiencing and
adverse effect

1. Hazard Identification
2. Dose-response
   Assessment
3. Exposure Assessment
4. Risk Characterization

Question 9

What is a hazard and what is hazard identification?

Answer 9

▪ Hazard – the ability of
an agent or situation to
cause an adverse event
▪ Chemicals
▪ Biologic agents
▪ Physical and mechanical
energy
▪ Psychosocial influences

Hazard Identification: Evaluation of the
evidence that links
exposure to an agent
with the toxicity.

Question 10

What is a dose response assessment?

Answer 10

▪ Measurement of the
relationship between
the amount of exposure
and the occurrence of
the unwanted health
effects.
▪ May examine
relationships between
exposures and
outcomes in animals
and attempt to then
draw inferences for
humans.

Question 11

What is exposure assessment?

Answer 11

Identifies and describes
the population that is
exposed to a toxicant.
▪ Origins
▪ Magnitude
▪ Duration
19
Vandenberg, Laura N., et al. “Addressing systemic problems
with exposure assessments to protect the public’s
health.” Environmental Health 21.Suppl 1 (2023): 121.
▪ Identifies where the
exposure occurs.
▪ Water
▪ Air
▪ Food
▪ Soil
▪ Consumer products