EXAM3 - Neuro

Question 1

What are the structures included in hindbrain?

Answer 1

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 2

What structures are in the midbrain?

Answer 2

Subsantia nigra

Question 3

What structures are in the forebrain?

Answer 3

Cerbral cortex, basal ganglia (except SN): striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, limbic system: hippocampus and amygdala, and the diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 4

What is the role of the medulla?

Answer 4

AUTONOMIC functions. centers for controlling respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes(coughing), part of reticular system (modulates sleep/wake cycles, part of brain stem

Question 5

What is the role of the pons?

Answer 5

It is a bridge that relays signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum. It is part of the brainstem. (equilibrium, stability, facial and eye movements)

Question 6

What is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 6

“little brain” Governs motor coordination for producing smooth movements, undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias

Question 7

What is the role of substantia nigra?

Answer 7

Produces and releases dopamine in the striatum. Two parts: pars compacta, pars reticulata

Question 8

What is the role of the pars compacta?

Answer 8

Provides INPUT to the basal ganglia, supplies dopamine to the striatum. Involved in voluntary motor control and some cognitive learning (spatial learning). This is impacted in parkinsons Dz.

Question 9

What is the role in pars reticulata?

Answer 9

OUTPUT function: relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus

Question 10

What is the role of the cortex?

Answer 10

processing and interpreting information

Question 11

role of basal ganglia?

Answer 11

voluntary motor control, some cognitive function

Question 12

role of limbic system?

Answer 12

emotions (amydala)

memory (hippocampus) = alzheimers dz

Question 13

role of thalamus?

Answer 13

relay station to and from cortex. NO autonomic function

Senses receive information about the environment, passes through the thalamus, to the cortex and back.

Question 14

Role of hypothalamus?

Answer 14

no voluntary functions. Regulates internal homeostasis, emotions, hormonal control and direct neural regulation

Question 15

True or False: Damage to the cortex can affect movement, speech and personality

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What do EFFERENT neuron tracts do?

Answer 16

transmit signals from the cortex to the periphery

Question 17

What do AFFERENT neuron tracts do?

Answer 17

Transmit signals from the periphery to the cortex

Question 18

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Answer 18

Dura: outer
Arachnoid: middle
Pia: inner

Question 19

CSF fill spaces between the ___________and __________layers.

Answer 19

arachnoid and pia

Question 20

What are the 3 types of glial cells?

Answer 20

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Microglia

Question 21

What is the role of Astrocytes?

Answer 21

provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants. Remove excess glutamate, support the blood brain barrier b/c in contact with blood vessels

Question 22

What do the Oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 22

Produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

Question 23

What do the microglia do?

Answer 23

Provide growth factors, clear debris by phagocytosis (this can lead to neuroinflammation so need a balance here)

Question 24

What creates the blood brain barrier?

Answer 24

Tight junctions in the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels in the brain

Question 25

What 3 characteristics allow a molecule to pass through the blood brain barrier?

Answer 25

Small molecular size High Log P the more lipophilic the better

Question 26

In a resting membrane potential of a neuron, are there more positive charges outside or inside the membrane?

Answer 26

Outside

Question 27

What triggers neurotransmission in a neuron?

Answer 27

electrical depolarization of the neuron. Influx of Na+ that changes the polarity of the membrane.

Question 28

True or False | Axon potentials are propagated at a rate independent of the axon diameter.

Answer 28

FALSE | They are propagated proportional to axon diameter. The bigger the diameter the faster the action potential.

Question 29

What is a nerve fiber?

Answer 29

bundle of axons

Question 30

Why is the current of a nerve fiber greater than that of a single neuron?

Answer 30

Because the nerve fiber is a summation, more frequent firing.

Question 31

Excitatory neurotransmitters allow _____ to cross the membrane leading to a increase in the magnitude of the ________. Inhibitory neurotransmitters allow ___to cross the membrane leading to ____________.

Answer 31

Na+ leading to depolarization (easier to fire) Cl in leading to hyperpolarization (harder to fire)

Question 32

What type of neurotransmitter is GABA and what is its role in pharmacology?

Answer 32

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Drugs that interact with these receptors are generally CNS depressants such as: Sedatives, Anticonvulsants and Anxiolytics