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NUTRSCI 332 > EXAM4 > Flashcards

EXAM4 Flashcards

1
Q

Required major (macro)minerals

need more than 100 mg/day

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and potassium

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2
Q

Required trace minerals

need less than 100mg/day

A

iron, copper, iodine, selenium, chromium, manganese molybdenum, and zinc

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3
Q

Which of the following individuals is likely to have more osteoblast than osteoclast activity?

A

1-year-old Robby

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4
Q

The relationship between blood glucose and glucagon is analogous to the relationship between blood calcium and _____.

A

PTH

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5
Q

Biochemical tests are often required to assess status of specific nutrients.
Is blood calcium a good indicator of calcium status?

A

False

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6
Q

Factors that increase calcium absorption

A
  • Active vitamin D hormone
  • Lactose and other sugars
  • Adequate protein intake
  • Increase calcium needs (e.g. during pregnancy and infancy)
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7
Q

Factors that inhibit calcium absorption

A
  • Lack of stomach acid
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • High phosphorus intake
  • Phytates: phytochemicals in the bran of whole grain
  • Oxalates: in dark green leafy vegetables (spinach)
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8
Q

What is the bioavailability of a nutrient in food?

A

The amount of nutrient absorbed and ready to be used by the body.

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9
Q

Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to ______.

A

form hydroxyapatide

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10
Q

When blood calcium is low, _____ .

A
  • parathyroid hormone is relased
  • absorption of calcium from the intestine increases
  • reabsorption of calcium from the kidney increases
  • resorption of calcium from the bone increases
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11
Q

During rising blood calcium levels, the thyroid secretes what?

A

Calcitonin: Inhibits Vit D activation, prevents kidney reabsorption, and limits intestinal absorption to inhibit osteoclasts and lower blood calcium levels

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12
Q

Factors that decrease PBM:

A
  • Lack of key minerals (Celiac, ED, etc)
  • Smoking (↓ Ca2+absorption)
  • Excessive alcohol
  • Early menopause
  • Abnormal absence of periods (amenorrhea)
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13
Q

Factors that enhance iron absorption

A
  • Increased requirements
  • Consumption of animal tissues – Meat Fish Poultry (MFP)
  • Ferrous form (Fe2+) is better absorbed than ferric form (Fe3+)
  • Heme iron is better absorbed
  • Vitamin C increases absorption of non-heme iron by keeping iron in ferrous form
  • Gastric acid reduces ferric iron to ferrous form
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14
Q

Factors that inhibit iron absorption

A
  • Decreased requirements, ie. Good iron status (body doesn’t need more iron)
  • Phytate in whole grains and legumes
  • Oxalate in green leafy vegetables
  • High fiber intake
  • Polyphenols (e.g., tannins found in tea)
  • Excessive intake or supplement of calcium, zinc, and manganese
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15
Q

Which of the following proteins carries iron through the blood to tissues?

A

Transferrin

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16
Q

When iron levels within cells are low, _____.

A

IRPs (Iron Regulatory Proteins) bind to the IREs (Iron Responsive Elements)

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17
Q

Which of the followings has a relationship to iron, similar to the relationship of insulin to glucose?

A

Hepcidin

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18
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

A
  • Hepaestin (ferroxidase) contains copper.
  • Divalent metal transporter (DMT) transports reduced nonheme iron.
  • Ferroportin facilitates cellular iron export.
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19
Q

Which of the followings indicates iron deficiency?

A

high total iron-binding capacity

20
Q

Which of the following mutations could result in hemochromatosis?

A

Mutations leading to impaired production of hepcidin

21
Q

To decrease the extent of iron deficiency in the U.S., some legislators propose a bill requiring that more foods, like fruit juices, are fortified with iron.

As an expert witness who is concerned about the prevalence of hemochromatosis, what position should you take?

A

Oppose the legislation because iron toxicity could occur in susceptible individuals since very little iron is lost once it has been absorbed.

22
Q

Which of the following tests can serve as an early indicator of iron depletion?

A

Serum ferritin

23
Q

The relationship between zinc and metallothionein is similar to the relationship between iron and ____.

A

ferritin

24
Q

The relationship between iron and hepcidin is similar to the the relationship between calcium and ____.

A

calcitonin

25
Q

Selenium is ____.

A

a part of endogenous antioxidant system

26
Q

Which of the following statements regarding function of iron is correct?

A
  • Iron is involved in the synthesis of several neurotransmitters.
  • Iron is an oxygen carrier.
  • Iron is required for energy metabolism.
  • Iron is a cofactor of enzymes involved in oxidation/reduction reactions.
27
Q

Zip 4 is a zinc transporter. What would be a proper response to a declining Zinc status in the expression and activity of Zip4 in the enterocytes?

A

Increase

28
Q

Which of the following copper homeostasis mechanisms is correct?

A
  • Copper can bind to metallothionein (MT) in the enterocytes.
  • Excessive copper can be excreted into bile.
29
Q

Which of the following statements regarding iodine is correct?

A
  • Iodine is an essential component of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
  • Iodine deficiency causes goiter.
  • Maternal iodine deficiency could result in increased risk of congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism).
  • Seaweed is a rich source of iodine.
30
Q

Fluoride

A

can substitute for the hydroxyl group of hydroxyapatite.

31
Q

Which of the following statements regarding iron absorption is correct?

A
  • Gastric acid enhances iron absorption.
  • Increased iron requirements enhance iron absorption.
  • Vitamin C enhances iron absorption.
  • consumption of animal tissues, containing heme-iron, enhance iron absorption
32
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?

A
  • Excessive zinc supplementation can cause copper deficiency.
  • Zinc supplementation induces the expression of metallothionein.
  • Dietary iron, copper and zinc can compete for intestinal absorption.
33
Q

Nutrigenetics

Nutrient-gene interactions

A
  • the study of genome/genetic of an individual modulate responses to health
  • How genetic variations determine how we absorb, process, and metabolize nutrients

PKU, hemochromatosis (hepcidin mutations), AE (zip4), lactose intolerance, Menkes & Wilsons

34
Q

Nutrigenomics

A

The study of how what you eat modulate expression of genes

35
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of heritable changes in phenotype caused by changes in gene expression that do not involve changes

36
Q

Metagenomics

A

the study of genetic material from a mixed community of organisms

37
Q

Microbiome

A

The combined genetic material of microorganisms in a particular environment

38
Q

Microbiota

A

the microorganisms of a particular environment

39
Q

Prebiotics

A

are the non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth/activity of bacteria in the digestive systems in ways beneficial to health

40
Q

Probiotics

A

live microorganisms that are intended to have benefits when consumed or applied to the body

41
Q

Which of the following can regulate the distribution and composition of gut microbiota?

A

GI secretion, gastric acid, diet, synbiotics, GI motility, Mucus, oxygen tension, antimicrobial peptides,

42
Q

Systemic

A

Iron regulates the expression of hepcidin, a hormone that regulates how much iron is released from cells, including hepatocytes, macrophages, and enterocytes. It determines how much iron is absorbed from diets.

43
Q

Cellular

A

Iron regulates expression of several proteins important for iron metabolism, including transferrin receptor, and ferritin, to maintain cellular iron homeostasis

44
Q

What mutation could result in hemochromatosis?

A

Ferroportin not responsive to hepcidin

45
Q

Iron: Zinc:: _____ :Metallothionein

A

Ferritin

46
Q

Insulin: glucose:: ____: calcium

A

Calcitonin

NUTRSCI 332 (4 decks)

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