examen 3 ? o 4

Question 1

origin of seedling shoot?

Answer 1

plumule

Question 2

what are the 2 main functions of the shoot?

Answer 2

support and conduction

Question 3

the plumule in the embryo has 3 parts:

Answer 3

cotyledon, hypocotyl and radicle

Question 4

what’s a phytomere?

Answer 4

repeated units

Question 5

contrast the two terms

leaf primordia and bud primordia

Answer 5

develops into leaves, develops into lateral shoot

están en orden con la pregunta

Question 6

tunica

Answer 6

consists of the outermost layer, cells divide anticlinially

Question 7

corpus

Answer 7

body of cells underneath the tunica, cells divde periniclinally

Question 8

what are intercalary meristems?

Answer 8

meristematic region between 2 highly differentiated regions

Question 9

where are the intercalary meristems

Answer 9

in elongating internodes

Question 10

what cells interconnect differentiated regions for the rapid movement of food and water?

Answer 10

protoxylem and protophloem

Question 11

what is a meristematic cap?

Answer 11

bulk of meristem responsible for stem thickening

Question 12

explain “open” and “closed” vascular systems

Answer 12

open: capable of secondary growth
closed: not capable of secondary growth

Question 13

which hormones decrease extendibility ?

Answer 13

ABA and ethylene

Question 14

what hormones increase extendibility?

Answer 14

gibberellin and auxin

Question 15

do tall or short plants result from exposure to ethylene?

Answer 15

short

Question 16

do tall or short plants result from exposure to gibberellin?

Answer 16

tall

Question 17

in what direction are most ions moving? what ions moved?

Answer 17

outside, Ca, Cl and malate

Question 18

what is the function of the xylem?

Answer 18

conduct water

Question 19

what is the function of the phloem

Answer 19

conduct food

Question 20

does the phloem transport water?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

what part of the plant is tapped for obtaining maple syrup?

Answer 21

young xylem cells

Question 22

what are the benefits for transpiration?

Answer 22

cooling the plant

Question 23

why do leaf mesophyll cells need water for their plasmalemma?

Answer 23

to absorb CO2, carbonic acid

Question 24

what are the two parts of stomatal transpiration?

Answer 24

evaporation from the mesophyll and diffusion through the stomata

Question 25

stomata are less that 1% of leaf surface area, but what percent of the water loss occurs there?

Answer 25

90%

Question 26

can photosynthesis occur with the stomata closed?

Answer 26

yes, by cellular respiration

Question 27

what inside the guard cells changes when a stomata opens?

Answer 27

turgor pressure

Question 28

what is the osmoticum

Answer 28

solute osmotically active

Question 29

what two modifications of the guard cells increase the stomata (opening) diameter?

Answer 29

radial micellations and attachment to each other at the poles

Question 30

as abscisic acid concentration increases, what happens to the stoma?

Answer 30

closes due to the turgor pressure

Question 31

if plants lack ABA, what changes in their phenotype?

Answer 31

they dessicate

Question 32

how does temperature effect and guard cells?

Answer 32

increases cell respiration, producing CO2

Question 33

do guard cells have circadian rhythms?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

how is the rate of transpiration affected by whether the air is humid, or if the air is dry?

Answer 34

humid: no evaporation dry: there is evaporation

Question 35

what experimental evidence indicates xylem transports water?

Answer 35

the distribution of radioactive isotopes

Question 36

why does the experiment with pigments (cut flower placed in pigmented water) eliminate the hypothesis of root pressure forcing the water up the shoot?

Answer 36

no root pressure ?

Question 37

does the 'CAT' theory require living cells?

Answer 37

no

Question 38

apoplastic

Answer 38

outside

Question 39

symplastic

Answer 39

inside

Question 40

how are the following 3 terms interrelated- root pressure, guttation and hydathodes

Answer 40

they keep plants regulate their water balance and mineral uptake

Question 41

water absorption by roots of transpiring plants may be passive. what is the transpiration stream and why is it important?

Answer 41

continuous flow of water and mineral from root to leaves help regulate temperature

Question 42

what elements can leave the leaf?

Answer 42

organic compounds produced through photosynthesis

Question 43

phloem-mobile

Answer 43

elements that pass rapidly through the phloem

Question 44

phloem-immobile

Answer 44

cannot be relocated (stays in the phloem)

Question 45

examples of phloem-immobile:

Answer 45

Fe, Ca, Zn and Cu

Question 46

transpiration stream

Answer 46

mesophyll to phloem

Question 47

what's an early experiment of 'movement of subtances through the phloem'?

Answer 47

girdling (removal from a woody stem)

Question 48

what atoms are 14C atoms?

Answer 48

isotopes (more radioactive neurons)

Question 49

what cells do aphids penetrate with their mouth parts?

Answer 49

sieve tubes

Question 50

how can aphids be used to detect phloem activity?

Answer 50

they are phloem feeders

Question 51

why does the sugar move?

Answer 51

it is carried passively by water to a growing tissue or root

Question 52

where does phloem loading occur?

Answer 52

sucrose produced in mesophyll cells by photosynthesis. leaves are transported to the veins, where it enters the sieve tubes

Question 53

what cells are vital for transport?

Answer 53

removal of sucrose = increased water potential BUT it moves out

Question 54

during the silurian period, land plants probably appeared. theres were 'bryophytes', what era was this?

Answer 54

carboniferous

Question 55

lis the four eras and when each begins

Answer 55

1. palaeozoic 570 2. mesozoic 245 3. cenozoic 10

Question 56

what are the three principle tissue systems and their functions

Answer 56

1. ground tissue 2. dermal tissue 3. desicate system

Question 57

is secondary growth monophyletic or polyphyletic

Answer 57

polyphyletic

Question 58

what type of xylem evolved first?

Answer 58

tracheids

Question 59

why is xylem well preserved, but not phloem?

Answer 59

lignin

Question 60

what conditions are needed for coal formation?

Answer 60

anaerobic

Question 61

which two plant groups typically have only primary growth

Answer 61

monocots and herbaceous dicots

Question 62

the axial system is to the

Answer 62

fusiform initials

Question 63

the radial system is to the

Answer 63

ray initials

Question 64

initials

Answer 64

produced inward, turns into xylem cells

Question 65

derivatives

Answer 65

produced towards (outside), turns into phloem cells

Question 66

the cambial zone is broadly described to include

Answer 66

cambial initials and cambial derivatives

Question 67

when initials divide periclinally, they produce

Answer 67

derivatives of the cambial zone

Question 68

when initials divide anticlinally, they produce

Answer 68

initials of the cambial zone

Question 69

what hormone is involved in resumption of cambium activity after a dormancy period?

Answer 69

auxin

Question 70

fascicular cambium

Answer 70

portion within the vascular bundles

Question 71

interfascicular cambium

Answer 71

portion arising in the pith rays

Question 72

fruits with lenticels

Answer 72

mango, apples and avocadoes

Question 73

what separates bark from wood?

Answer 73

cork

Question 74

what layer of cells separates the inner and outer bark layers

Answer 74

vascular cambium

Question 75

heartwood

Answer 75

darker, non-conducting wood

Question 76

sapwood

Answer 76

light, conducting wood

Question 77

tyloses

Answer 77

a balloon-like outgrowth from a ray or axial parenchyma cell through the pit in a vessel wall and into the lumen of the vessel.

Question 78

helical

Answer 78

1 leaf per node

Question 79

distichous

Answer 79

1 leaf per node (one plane)

Question 80

opposite

Answer 80

2 leaves per node

Question 81

decussate

Answer 81

2 leaves per node, perpendicular

Question 82

whorled

Answer 82

3+ leaves per node

Question 83

simple

Answer 83

one blade per leaf