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Filosofía Moral > Examen Final > Flashcards

Examen Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three levels of moral philosophy?

A

Meta-ethics, normative ethics, applied ethics

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2
Q

What distinguishes moral norms from social norms?

A

Moral norms are universal and not authority-dependent; social norms are local and often enforced by custom or authority

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3
Q

What is moral phenomenology?

A

The way moral obligations feel—pressing, identity-shaping, motivational

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4
Q

What is the “clima moral”?

A

The moral atmosphere of a time/place that shapes perception and emotion, even if we can’t articulate it

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5
Q

What is moral realism?

A

The belief that moral statements refer to objective moral facts

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6
Q

What is Mackie’s “argument from queerness”?

A

Objective moral values would be metaphysically strange and motivationally powerful—thus, unlikely

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7
Q

What does Nietzsche mean by “beyond good and evil”?

A

Morality should be reconstructed, not accepted blindly—it reflects power dynamics

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8
Q

What is the main problem with simple subjectivism?

A

It can’t explain moral error or disagreement; reduces morality to taste

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9
Q

What is emotivism?

A

The view that moral claims express emotions, not facts (e.g., “Hurrah for X!”)

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10
Q

What is the core principle of utilitarianism?

A

Maximize happiness/pleasure and minimize suffering for all affected

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11
Q

How does Bentham define utility?

A

The sum of pleasures minus pains—measured by intensity, duration, etc

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12
Q

What is the difference between utilitarianism and egoism?

A

Utilitarianism is impartial; egoism centers only on one’s own well-being

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13
Q

What is a common objection to utilitarianism based on justice?

A

It can justify sacrificing an innocent person if it benefits the majority

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14
Q

What is Williams’ “Jim dilemma”?

A

Illustrates how utilitarianism can alienate people from their moral convictions and integrity

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15
Q

What is the experience machine thought experiment?

A

Nozick’s argument that people value real experiences over just feeling pleasure

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16
Q

What is the core idea of Kantian ethics?

A

Morality is acting from duty based on reason and respect for persons

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17
Q

What is the categorical imperative (IC1)?

A

Act so you treat humanity as an end, never merely as a means

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18
Q

What is the categorical imperative (IC2)?

A

Act only on maxims you could will to be universal laws

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19
Q

What’s a perfect vs. imperfect duty in Kantian ethics?

A

Perfect: must always follow (e.g., don’t lie). Imperfect: flexible, must promote (e.g., help others)

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20
Q

What makes an action morally worthy according to Kant?

A

It is motivated by duty, not just inclination or outcomes

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20
Q

What is eudaimonia?

A

Human flourishing or the full development of one’s capacities—not just pleasure

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21
Q

What is the doctrine of the mean?

A

Virtue lies between two extremes (e.g., courage = between cowardice and rashness)

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22
Q

How are virtues learned, according to Aristotle?

A

Through habit and practice—virtue is cultivated, not innate

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23
Q

What is phronesis?

A

Practical wisdom—the ability to deliberate well about how to live virtuously

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24
How does virtue ethics handle moral complexity?
It emphasizes character and context over rigid rules or calculations
25
What’s the evolutionary puzzle of morality?
Why humans would act altruistically even at a cost to themselves
26
What is reciprocity (direct/indirect)?
Direct: I help you if you help me. Indirect: I help those with good reputations
27
What role do emotions play in cooperation?
Emotions like guilt and shame signal reliability and enforce social norms
28
What is Greene’s dual-process theory of moral judgment?
Emotional responses drive deontological judgments; utilitarian responses involve rational calculation
29
What is “moral dumbfounding”?
When people can’t justify their moral judgments with reasons (Haidt)
30
What was Carol Gilligan’s critique of Kohlberg?
His model prioritized abstract justice over relational thinking, overlooking the “ethics of care”
31
What’s the ethics of care?
A moral theory focusing on context, relationships, and responsibilities rather than rules
32
What is the objection to the ethics of care?
It may reinforce gender stereotypes or lack universal applicability
33
What is patriarchy in moral critique?
A system of structures and norms that systematically favor men and exclude women
34
What are clear signs of moral progress?
Expansion of moral inclusion (e.g., civil rights, animal rights), improved motivation, conceptual innovation
35
What is Singer’s monist view of progress?
Progress = greater impartial well-being for more beings (utilitarian frame)
36
What is Nussbaum’s pluralist view of progress?
Progress = expansion of human capabilities (health, education, dignity)
37
What’s moralization vs. desmoralization?
Moralization: new behaviors become morally evaluated. Desmoralization: old moral judgments fade
38
What’s the role of institutions in moral progress?
Institutions channel, scale, and support cooperative behavior (Buchanan, Acemoglu)
39
What is the evoconservative argument against moral progress?
Evolution favors exclusivist morality, which is hard to change—even culturally
40
What is the difference between direct and indirect reciprocity in moral evolution?
Direct: “You help me, I help you.” Indirect: “You help others, I’ll help you because of your good reputation”
41
What does Kant mean by “acting from duty”?
Doing the right thing solely because it is right—not for reward, emotion, or inclination
42
What’s the difference between treating someone “as a means” and “merely as a means”?
We can use others instrumentally (e.g., barista) but must respect their autonomy and interests
43
What’s phronesis in virtue ethics?
Practical wisdom—the ability to apply virtue appropriately in context
44
What does Hursthouse suggest about abortion in virtue ethics?
Even with legal rights, morality depends on the woman’s context, emotions, and deliberation quality
45
What is the ethics of care?
A moral theory centered on relationships, context, and empathy, often contrasted with abstract rule-based models
46
What is Mackie’s “error theory”?
Moral claims try to refer to objective truths—but such truths don’t exist, so they’re systematically false
47
What is Singer’s view of moral progress?
Expanding the moral circle to include more beings who can suffer or feel pleasure (e.g., animals)
48
What is a “supererogatory” act?
A morally praiseworthy action that goes beyond duty (e.g., running into a burning building to save someone)
49
What is moral dumbfounding?
Making a strong moral judgment without being able to justify it with reasons (Haidt)
50
What is Nozick’s “experience machine” meant to challenge?
The idea that pleasure is the only thing that matters—people value authenticity
51
What are perfect vs. imperfect duties in Kant?
Perfect: always obey (e.g., don’t lie). Imperfect: must promote, but with flexibility (e.g., help others)
52
What’s the function of emotion in Aristotle’s ethics?
Emotion is essential and should be guided by reason to reach virtue
53
What is the “illusion of moral decline”?
People across ages/cultures consistently believe morality is worsening, despite evidence to the contrary
54
What is moral constructivism?
Moral truths are not discovered but constructed via rational procedures (e.g., deliberation)
55
What does Gilligan’s Heinz dilemma reveal?
Different moral reasoning styles: principle-based (Jake) vs. care-based (Amy)
56
What’s Buchanan & Powell’s view on inclusivist morality?
Inclusivity is a “luxury” trait that emerges in favorable social/economic conditions
57
How does Kant argue we “discover” moral duty?
By testing our maxims against the principle of universalizability
58
What does “treating someone as a mere means” imply morally?
Instrumentalizing them while ignoring or overriding their autonomy and well-being
59
What is moral luck in virtue ethics?
The idea that factors beyond our control (social/economic conditions) shape our capacity for virtue

Filosofía Moral (1 decks)

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