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Examining Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell during what phase of meiosis?

A

Anaphase 1

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2
Q

At the end of meiosis II, how many daughter cells are produced?

A

4

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3
Q

In human females, germ-like cells that undergo meiosis are found in what organ?

A

Ovary

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4
Q

The large, circular structure in the micrograph are cross-sections of what coiled tubules in the human testes?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

In human males, meiosis occurring in germ-like cells found in the ___________ give rise to gametes called ___________.

A

testes; sperm

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6
Q

Functions of meiosis

A

Shuffle genetic material

Produce gametes

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7
Q

What is true of daughter cells produced by meiosis?

A

They participate in sexual reproduction.

They contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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8
Q

The exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids is called crossing-over and occurs during which phase of meiosis?

A

Prophase I

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9
Q

What is the overall purpose of meiosis?

A

To produce four genetically different haploid cells

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10
Q

The exchange of DNA between adjacent homologous chromatids is known as…

A

Crossing over

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11
Q

During which phase of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate and head towards opposite poles of the cell?

A

Anaphase II

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12
Q

At the end of meiosis II, there are…

A

Four haploid cells, with each chromosome consisting of a single chromatid

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13
Q

During which stage of meiosis do the homologous chromosomes line up across from each other in the center of the cell?

A

Metaphase I

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14
Q

At the start of meiosis each cell has a total of _____ chromosomes, representing _____ set(s) of chromosomes.

A

46; 2

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15
Q

What event happens before meiosis begins?

A

Chromosomes are replicated

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16
Q

What term describes two chromosomes in the same cell that have the same genes? These chromosomes pair up during meiosis.

A

Homologous chromosomes

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17
Q

In males, meiosis results in _____ functional sperm. In females, it results in _____ functional oocyte(s).

A

4; 1

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18
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

Haploid gametes

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19
Q

Sperm are produced by the __________ sex organs and transported to the outside of the body by the actions of __________ sex organs.

A

Primary; accessory

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20
Q

In meiosis 11, cells start with 23 chromosomes and end up with _____ chromosomes. This process is similar to ________ since the chromosome count doesn’t change.

A

23; mitosis

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21
Q

List three structures located within the spermatic cord.

A

Blood vessels
Ductus deferents
Nerves

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22
Q

Where are seminiferous tubules located?

A

Within the testes

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23
Q

What is the white fibrous capsule that covers the testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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24
Q

The seminiferous tubules empty into a tubular network called the ___________ before exiting the testes.

A

Rete testis

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25
What is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes?
Male sex hormones
26
The site of sperm cell maturation is the ____________. As they pass through this structure, sperm gain the ability to “swim.”
Epididymis
27
Indicate the characteristics of the ductus deferens (vas deferens)
It is part of the spermatic cord. Near its end, it dilates into an ampulla. It originates at the lower end of the epididymis.
28
Which structures/cells produce the male sex hormone?
Interstitial cells or cells of Leydig
29
Indicate the three male accessory glands.
Prostate Bulbourethral gland Seminal vesicle
30
What is the function of the epididymides?
Site of sperm maturation
31
The ducts of the prostate gland open into the ___________.
Prostatic urethra
32
What is the function of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in prostatic secretions?
It helps liquefy semen after ejaculation.
33
Indicate two characteristics of the fluid produced by seminal vesicles.
It contains fructose. It contains prostaglandins.
34
Indicate characteristics of prostatic fluid.
It contains PSA, an enzyme that liquifies semen. It contains nutrients for sperm. It is a thin, milky fluid.
35
The function of the bulbouretheral glands is to secrete ____________.
A fluid that lubricates the end of the penis.
36
Indicate the characteristics of semen.
It contains secretions from the prostate gland. It is an alkaline fluid containing nutrients.
37
Describe the dartos muscle.
The layer of smooth muscle under the superficial fascia of the scrotum.
38
At the root of the penis, the corpus spongiosum expands to form the ___________ of the penis.
Bulb
39
From the spinal cord, ___________ impulses cause ____________ of the arteries and subsequent ___________ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue and produce an erection.
Parasympathetic; dilation; constriction
40
Where is the prepuce (foreskin) found?
Covering the glans penis
41
What is the bulb of the penis?
The expanded portion of the corpus spongiosum located at the root of the penis.
42
What three statements are true about erection of the penis?
The penis swells and elongates. The increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins. Nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue.
43
What occurs during emission?
Sperm and glandular secretions are moved into urethra.
44
Emission is primarily regulated by which division(s) of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic division
45
What are possible causes of erectile dysfunction, or impotence?
Diabetes mellitus Excessive cigarette smoking
46
The cells of the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish the sperm-producing cells are called….
Sertoli cells
47
Undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called….
Spermatogonia
48
What is the function of the sustentacular cells
Support and nourish spermatogenic cells
49
Differentiation of a spermatid into a single, mature sperm cell is called…
Spermiogenesis
50
What is true regarding spermatogenesis?
It occurs in males starting at puberty. It occurs in seminiferous tubules inside the testes. It is the process of formation of sperm After completed, sperm cells pass to the epididymis, where they accumulate and mature
51
During spermiogenesis, a spermatid undergoes which changes?
Formation of an acrosome Growth of a flagellum
52
The second polar body forms…
When the secondary locate is fertilized and undergoes a second meiotic division.
53
A primary pocket is stimulated to continue meiosis. The result cell has ____ chromosomes.
23
54
What 2 products are the result of a primary oocyte completing the first meiotic division?
First polar body Secondary oocyte
55
After polar body formation, the oocyte has what two characteristics?
A large amount of cytoplasm A haploid number of chromosomes
56
Throughout a woman’s reproductive years, primordial follicles first mature into…
Primary follicles
57
The cells forming the stratified layers around a primary follicle are called __________ cells.
Granulosa or theca
58
The second polar body forms….
When the secondary oocyte is fertilized and undergoes a second meiotic division.
59
What is the zona pellucida?
Glycoprotein layer surrounding an oocyte
60
The layer of follicle cells that participates in the synthesis of ovarian hormones is the…
Theca interna
61
What is an antrum within the follicle of an ovary?
The fluid-filled cavity in a mature follicle
62
List two characteristics of a mature antral, or Graafian, follicle.
It is the structure that undergoes ovulation. It has a fluid-filled cavity
63
The oocyte that is found within a mature antral follicle is a(n) __________ oocyte.
Secondary
64
Name the layer of cells that surrounds the zona pellucida and the oocyte in mature follicles.
Corona radiata
65
Describe the follicle that is classified as a dominant follicle.
The follicle that outpaces all others and will be ovulated.
66
It takes almost ____ days for the development of a mature antral follicle. A mature antral follicle is ready every _____ days.
300; 28
67
What are two cells that are released from the mature antral follicle during ovulation?
First polar body Secondary oocyte
68
Within the mature follicle, the secondary oocyte is surrounded by a thick zona pellucida with an attached mantle of granulosa cells called the…
Corona radiata
69
During the ovarian cycle, usually only one follicle, called a(n) ___________ follicle, fully develops.
Dominant
70
Which is true regarding the time line of follicular development?
It is an ongoing process, with one mature follicle ready for ovulation every 28 days.
71
During meiosis I of oogenesis, the cytoplasm divides unequally resulting in a large ________ oocyte and a small _________ polar body.
Secondary; first
72
What is ovulation?
Process of releasing cells from the follicles
73
Which organs control maturation of female gametes, development of secondary sex characteristics, and changes in the monthly reproductive cycle?
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries
74
The results of first meiotic division are two ________ divided cells called a _________ and a ________.
Unequally; secondary oocyte; first polar body
75
The female body is reproductively immature until the hypothalamus secretes _________ which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete __________ and ___________.
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH); FSH; LH
76
The rupture of a mature follicle and the release of a secondary oocyte and first polar body occur during the process of…
Ovulation
77
A “spike” or “surge” in blood levels of what hormone leads to ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone
78
After ovulation, what happens to a secondary oocyte?
It is swept into the uterine tube.
79
Name the hormone that stimulates maturation of follicles within the ovaries.
FSH
80
Name the hormone released near the fourteenth day of follicular development.
LH
81
The process of ________ that occurs about the 14th of the ovarian cycle includes the rupturing of the mature follicles and the release of its oocyte and surrounding cells.
Ovulation
82
During which time in the reproductive cycle does the follicle mature into an antral follicle?
Day 0-12
83
The maturing follicle secretes estrogen that inhibits the release or ________ from the _________.
LH; anterior pituitary
84
Where does a corpus luteum form?
Within the follicle that ovulated an oocyte.
85
Name two hormones secreted by the corpus luteum.
Progesterone; estradiol
86
What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone causes the endometrium to secrete glycogen and lipids.

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