Exams 1-3 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain’s system for:
A
attention
2
Q
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?
A
Ganglion
3
Q
The division of the nervous system consisting of neurons that bring messages from the senses to the central nervous system.
A
Somatic
4
Q
What kinds of activities are produced from activation of the parasympathetic nervous system?
A
calmness and relaxation
5
Q
The postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe is the primary area for which type of sensation?
A
touch
6
Q
The ascending portion of the reticular formation
A
increases arousal and attention
7
Q
Reflexive changes in heart rate and breathing when you are exercising, for example, are regulated by the ___?
A
Medulla
8
Q
The descending portio of the reticular formation is one of several brain areas that control the:
A
motor areas of the spinal cord
9
Q
Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
A
motor and sensory
10
Q
What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
A
brain and spinal cord
11
Q
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
A
Coronal
12
Q
If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, what would happen?
A
Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.
13
Q
Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system?
A
Acetylcholine
14
Q
According to the Bell-Magendie law
A
ventral roots carry motor information while dorsal roots carry sensory information
15
Q
Besides problems with balance and coordination, a person with damage to the cerebellum would also likely have problems with
A
shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli
16
Q
The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
A
Movement
17
Q
The term pons is named as such because
A
axons within the pons cross over from one side to the other
18
Q
The spinal cord communicates with
A
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head
19
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
A
12
20
Q
What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?
A
They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.
21
Q
Meningitis is an inflammation of the
A
membranes surrounding the brain.
22
Q
Which of the following means “toward the back?”
A
Dorsal
23
Q
The limbic system is important for
A
emotional behaviors
24
Q
If a cell in a given column responds to touch on the person’s right toe, then another cell in the same column would respond to
A
touch on the right toe
25
Which part of the nervous system prepares the body for "fight or flight" activities?
Sympathetic
26
You are walking after dark. A sudden noise frightens you. Your heart pounds, your pulse races, and your breathing rate increases. These responses are due to your:
sympathetic nervous system
27
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
Brain stem
28
The raphe system
increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli.
29
If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be ___ to each other.
contraleteral
30
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?
Nucleus
31
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons that control the heart, intestines, and other organs?
Autonomic
32
Damage to the thalamus would most likely result in
loss of sensory input to the cortex
33
In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of ___, while gray matter is mostly ___.
myelinated axons, cell bodies
34
By both neutral and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the
pituitary gland
35
Each hemisphere of the crebral cortex receives most of its input from the ___ side of the body and controls the muscles on the ___ side.
contralateral; contralateral
36
What is unique about the autonomic activity of the sweat glands?
They receive only sympathetic input.
37
The autonomic nervous system
receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
38
Which neurotransmitter is most often used by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
39
Superior colliculus is to ___ as inferior colliculus is to ___
vision; hearing
40
Damage to the basal ganglia would most likely cause problems with
movement
41
The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of
thalamus
42
What color is perceived when all types of cones are simultaneously and equally active?
White
43
Stimulating a receptor leads to either excitation or inhibition of a particular neuron; the receptor is part of that neuron's:
receptive field
44
Because blood vessels and ganglion cell axons are almost absent near the ____, it has nearly unimpeded vision
fovea
45
Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?
to the lateral geniculate
46
In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with
loss of visual imagination
47
Light is focused as it enters through which of the following structures
lens and cornea
48
Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex
occipital lobe
49
The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the
optic chiasm
50
Magnocellular cells are to _____ as parvocellular cells are to _____
movement; color
51
If you want to see something in fine detail, you should focus the light on which part of your retina?
fovea
52
The tympanic membrane connects to three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the
oval window
53
If a kitten is reared with one eye shut, cells in its visual cortex become sensitive to
only the eye that has been active
54
Across species, it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to
biologically useful stimuli
55
In the auditory system, hair cells are specialized receptors that respond to
mechanical displacement
56
The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the
blind spot
57
The visual paths in the temporal cortex collectively are referred to as the
ventral stream
58
In comparison to the rods, cones are more sensitive to
detail
59
According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by
contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of others
60
In what order does visual information pass through the retina
receptor cells>bipolar cells>ganglion cells
61
What is the perception of the intensity of a sound wave called
loudness
62
Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called
photopigments
63
What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have
recognizing faces
64
Damage to the fusiform gyrus of the inferior temporal cortex results in
prosopagnosia
65
The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the
parietal cortex
66
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, our perception of color depends on
the relative activity of three types of cones
67
Small receptive fields are to____cells as large receptive fields are to _____ cells
parvocellular; magnocellular
68
In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to____
bipolar cells
69
A cell that responds best to a bar of light throughout a large area of its receptive field, without a strong inhibitory area at one end is most likely a
complex cell
70
After staring at your instructor's red shirt for an entire class period, the negative afterimage will most likely be
green
71
The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks have
a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina
72
The law of specific nerve energies states that
every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
73
The principle that allows you to perceive an orange shirt to be the same color under varying lighting conditions is known as
color constancy
74
Light from above our head strikes the
bottom half of the retina
75
How does light excite a rod or cone
It converts 11-cis-retinal into all-trans-retinal
76
The eardrum is also known as the
tympanic membrane
77
The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have the complex cells do not is that
they have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field
78
Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain
lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
79
What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders
lateral inhibition
80
The primary visual cortex (V1) sends its information to
area V2
81
Where is the basal membrane most sensitive to the vibrations of low frequency sound waves
at the apex, farthest from the cochlea
82
The ability to hear a note and identify it perfectly is called
absolute pitch
83
A tonotopic map refers to
an auditory cortex map of sounds
84
Visual imagery is to ____ as auditory imagery is to ____
V1; A1
85
Which of the following would a person with conductive deafness be able to hear better than a person with nerve deafness
themselves talking
86
Tinnitus is often
due to a phenomenon like phantom limb
87
A sound shadow refers to
how much louder a high frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound
88
What does the vestibular system detect
movement of the head
89
In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that
push against hair cells when moved
90
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation
semicircular canals and otolith organs
91
The function of the semicircular canals is to
detect movement of the head
92
An acceleration of the head at any angle causes the jelly like substance in one of the semicircular canals to
push against hair cells
93
The eighth cranial nerve contains both an ___ component and a ____ component
auditory; vestibular
94
The somatosensory system involves sensation of the
body and its movements
95
What kind of receptors detect pain, warmth, and cold
somatosensory
96
Meissner's corpuscles are
elaborate neuron endings for touch
97
Pacinian corpuscles respond best to
rapid mechanical pressure
98
Pain receptors of the skin are
simple, bare neuron endings
99
Each spinal nerve has both
a sensory and a motor component
100
Someone who has suffered damage to the sensory component of one spinal nerve would lose sensation from
one dermatome
101
What is a dermatome
an area of the skin innervated by a given spinal nerve
102
What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain
substance P
103
A mild degree of pain releases the neurotransmitter____. A more intense pain also releases ____.
glutamate; substance P
104
The brain chemicals known as endorphins and enkephalins produce effects similar to which substance
opiates
105
Itching is primarily the result of
histamine release
106
Each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends a direct line to the brain. This type of codings is referred to as
labeled-line
107
Each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them. This type of coding is referred to as
across-fiber
108
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the
endopiriform cortex
109
The receptors for taste are
modified skin cells
110
In adult humans, the taste buds are concentrated along
the outside edge of the tongue
111
Sweetness, bitterness, and umami receptors respond to operate by activating a protein which cause
the release of a second messenger
112
The nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla is known to receive informations from what source
tongue
113
In mammals, each olfactory cell has threadlike dendrites that extend from the cell body into
the mucous surface of the nasal passage
114
Olfactory receptor sites are located
on cilia
115
Of the following, which one would be most closely associated with experiencing synesthesia
seeing colors of letters or words
116
Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens
both sexes have both types of hormones
117
The hormone that preparers the uterus for pregnancy is
progesterone
118
Genes on the ____ produce sex difference in addition to those that we can trace to androgens and estrogens
X and Y chromosomes
119
Mullerian ducts are found in
female and male fetuses early in development
120
What cause the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures
the sex region Y (SRY) gene
